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831.
Young and old adults’ ability to recognize emotions from vocal expressions and music performances was compared. The stimuli
consisted of (a) acted speech (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness; each posed with both weak and strong emotion
intensity), (b) synthesized speech (anger, fear, happiness, and sadness), and (c) short melodies played on the electric guitar
(anger, fear, happiness, and sadness; each played with both weak and strong emotion intensity). The listeners’ recognition
of discrete emotions and emotion intensity was assessed and the recognition rates were controlled for various response biases.
Results showed emotion-specific age-related differences in recognition accuracy. Old adults consistently received significantly
lower recognition rates for negative, but not for positive, emotions for both speech and music stimuli. Some age-related differences
were also evident in the listeners’ ratings of emotion intensity. The results show the importance of considering individual
emotions in studies on age-related differences in emotion recognition. 相似文献
832.
Tracy A. Dennis 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(3):200-207
Affective style reflecting approach and inhibition is thought to be associated in distinct ways with anxious versus depressed
mood; relatively few studies, however, consider how the interaction between affective style and the strategies individuals
use to regulate mood and emotion might influence these associations. Sixty-seven non-disordered adults self-reported on their
use of two emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), behavioral approach (BAS) and
behavioral inhibition sensitivity (BIS) dimensions of affective style, and anxious and depressed mood (trait anxiety and symptoms
of depression). Trait anxiety versus depressed mood was associated with unique interactive patterns of emotion regulation
and affective style: enhanced use of reappraisal was linked to less depressed mood in those reporting low BAS, whereas high
suppression was linked to greater trait anxiety in those reporting low BIS. The implications of findings for typical emotional
processes and for clinical disorders and interventions are discussed. 相似文献
833.
Hispanics have become the largest minority group in the United States. Hispanic children typically come from working class homes with parents who have limited English language skills and educational training. This presents challenges to psychologists who assess these children using traditional IQ tests because of the considerable verbal and academic (e.g., quantitative) content. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence conceptualized on the basis of psychological processes may have utility for assessment of children from culturally and linguistically diverse populations because verbal and quantitative skills are not included. This study examined Hispanic children's performance on the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS; [Naglieri, J.A., and Das, J.P. (1997). Cognitive Assessment System. Itasca, IL: Riverside.]) which is based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence. The scores of Hispanic (N = 244) and White (N = 1956) children on the four PASS processes were obtained and the respective correlations between PASS and achievement compared. Three complementary sampling methodologies and data analysis strategies were chosen to compare the Ethnic groups. Sample size was maximized using nationally representative groups and demographic group differences were minimized using smaller matched samples. Small differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children were found when ability was measured with tests of basic PASS processes. In addition, the correlation between the PASS constructs and achievement were substantial for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children and were not significantly different between the groups. 相似文献
834.
The Zahlen–Verbindungs-Test (ZVT) represents a highly feasible measure of information-processing speed that correlates quite highly with standard psychometric tests of intelligence. The present study was designed to identify specific stages of the sensorimotor processing system that may account for individual differences in overall variability of ZVT performance. For this purpose, ZVT, reaction time (RT), lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and electromyogram (EMG) measures were obtained in 48 female participants. While faster RT, smaller intraindividual variability in RT, shorter response-locked LRP and EMG latencies were associated with superior ZVT performance, speed of stimulus analysis, as reflected by stimulus-locked LRP latency, was unrelated to ZVT performance. Additional commonality analyses suggested a functional relationship between ZVT performance and the time course of central aspects of response organization rather than the time required for execution of the overt motor response. These findings provide converging evidence for the general notion of an association between speed of motor processing and intelligence. 相似文献
835.
An Information Processing Theory of Ambivalence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes the sources of ambivalence toward political parties and candidates. We propose and test an information-processing theory of ambivalence in which systematic processing is hypothesized to heighten partisan and candidate ambivalence. We show that ambivalence is linked to several dispositional sources of systematic processing, including individuals' information, motivation, and cognitive style. Specifically, we find that ambivalence tends to be greater among the well informed and those who are high in need for cognition while it tends to be lower among those motivated by directional goals. Collectively, our results suggest that levels of partisan and candidate ambivalence are greatest among those most likely to engage in effortful processing of information and that these effects are independent of value conflict. The results further suggest that the effects of effortful processing on ambivalence are moderated by attitude commitment. 相似文献
836.
动态视觉加工与儿童汉字阅读 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
使用视觉阈限测验、图片命名、字形相似性判断实验和语音意识等测验 ,考察了小学五年级儿童视觉加工技能与汉字阅读之间的关系。结果发现 :动态视觉加工与图片命名错误率、字形判断反应时和错误率、语音意识均有显著相关 ,静态视觉加工只与图片命名错误率相关显著 ;控制识字量后的偏相关分析显示 ,动态视觉加工与其他变量的相关关系不变 ,静态视觉加工与图片命名错误率的相关不再显著 ;回归分析发现动态视觉加工在识字量和语音意识的影响控制后 ,能够分别解释阅读流畅性、字形判断反应时和图片命名错误率 7%、2 5 %和 5 6 %的变化 ;语音意识能够解释识字量和阅读流畅性 9%和 10 %的变化 ;对差读者的动态视觉加工和语音意识分析发现 ,儿童在这两种测验上的个体差异很大。上述结果表明 ,阅读过程受基本知觉技能影响 ,动态视觉加工作用于汉字阅读的特定过程。 相似文献
837.
认知年老化与执行衰退假说 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
在认知年老化领域,执行衰退假说是近年来新兴的一种理论。执行衰退假说在理论上具有很强的吸引力,但在实证研究中却存在很多困难,如执行功能的可分离性问题,执行功能测量的信度和效度问题,以及执行功能与加工速度的关系问题。目前,该领域研究的焦点是:在行为学水平上,控制一般性因素(加工速度)后,执行功能是否仍对认知年老化起重要的中介作用;在神经水平上,执行(额叶)功能随龄的变化情况,以及在认知年老化过程中,额叶在大脑功能重组中扮演的角色。最终实现对认知年老化的理解,需要将认知功能与大脑结构联系起来;既看到广泛存在的共同的基本机制,又不能忽略不同认知结构的选择性变化。 相似文献
838.
839.
In this review, we examine the role of emotion regulation in the treatment of children with anxiety disorders. Cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) has been shown to “work” for children with anxiety disorders and it has been categorized as an evidence-based
treatment. However, most studies have shown that the treatment is effective for about 60–70% of children, leaving the remaining
children symptomatic and oftentimes with persisting psychological disorders. Of importance, it has also been shown that many
children with anxiety disorders demonstrate poor emotion regulation skills. Despite these findings, little attention has been
directed toward incorporating emotion regulation strategies into these relatively effective cognitive-behavioral treatments.
It is possible that CBT programs do not work as well for a portion of children because their emotion regulation deficits,
if present, are not being targeted sufficiently. In this review, it is suggested that adding an emotion regulation component
could increase treatment efficacy. In addition, strategies aimed at improving emotion regulation at the individual level and
at the family level are introduced. Details of how improved emotion regulation skills could be beneficial in bringing about
change are discussed. Finally, issues of measurement and the clinical implications for research and practice are considered. 相似文献
840.
Dan Moldovan Christine Clark Sanda Harabagiu Daniel Hodges 《Journal of Applied Logic》2007,5(1):49-69
This paper presents the architecture and functionality of a logic prover designed for question answering. The approach transforms questions and answer passages into logic representations based on syntactic, semantic and contextual information. World knowledge supplements the linguistic, ontological, and temporal axioms supplied to the prover which renders a deep understanding of the relationship between the question and answer text. The trace of the proofs provides a basis for generating human comprehensible answer justifications. The results show that the prover boosts the performance of the Question Answering system on TREC 2004 questions by 12%. 相似文献