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11.
Toomela A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(2):198-207
In this paper I suggest that to better understand knowledge construction in science, and the role of social processes and
collaboration in it, it is useful to distinguish between “elaborative knowledge” and “emergent knowledge.” Elaborative knowledge
is constructed for solving clearly defined problems in established theoretical frameworks, and emergent knowledge refers to
the knowledge constructed to reach a hierarchically higher and more complex level of scientific understanding. There are also
two types of collaboration. On the one hand there is “dialogical collaboration” in which team members contribute to reaching
the common clearly defined objective so that a team as a whole becomes qualitatively more complex than its members alone.
On the other hand there is “unidirectional collaboration” where the result of collaboration is determined by one person, should
be distinguished. There is evidence from multiple perspectives indicating that “elaborative knowledge” can be developed in
both kinds of collaboration and sometimes ‘dialogical collaboration” is necessary for knowledge construction. However, for
building “emergent knowledge,” it is argued, only individual or “unidirectional collaboration” is productive, and “dialogical
collaboration” can hinder or even prevent the construction of this kind of knowledge.
相似文献
Aaro ToomelaEmail: |
12.
Itay Shani 《Axiomathes》2007,17(2):155-183
Extensionalism, as I understand it here, is the view that physical reality consists exclusively of extensional entities. On
this view, intensional entitities must either be eliminated in favor of an ontology of extensional entities, or be reduced
to such an ontology, or otherwise be admitted as non-physical. In this paper I argue that extensionalism is a misguided philosophical
doctrine. First, I argue that intensional phenomena are not confined to the realm of language and thought. Rather, the ontology
of such phenomena is intimately entwined with the ontology of properties. After providing some evidence to the popularity
of extensionalism in contemporary analytic philosophy, I investigate the motivating reasons behind it. Considering several
explanations, I argue that the main motivating reason is rooted in the identification of matter with extension, an identification
which is one of the hallmarks of the mechanistic conception of nature inherited from the founding fathers of our modern scientific
outlook. I then argue that such a conception is not only at odds with a robust ontology of properties but is also at odds
with our best contemporary physics. Rather than vindicating extensionalism contemporary science undermines the position, and
the lesson to be drawn from this surprising fact is that extensionalism needs no longer be espoused as a regulative ideal
of naturalistic philosophy. I conclude by showing that the ontological approach to intensional phenomena advocated throughout
the paper also gains support from an examination of the historical context within which ‘intension’ was first introduced as
a semantic notion.
相似文献
Itay ShaniEmail: |
13.
Deborah C. Smith 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2015,45(4):471-489
Jonathan Schaffer argues against a necessary connection between properties and laws. He takes this to be a question of what possible worlds we ought to countenance in our best theories of modality, counterfactuals, etc. In doing so, he unfairly rigs the game in favor of contingentism. I argue that the necessitarian can resist Schaffer’s conclusion while accepting his key premise that our best theories of modality, counterfactuals, etc. require a very wide range of things called ‘possible worlds’. However, the necessitarian can and should insist that, in many cases, these worlds are not metaphysically possible. I will further argue that, having taken such a stance, the necessitarian has additional resources to respond to Schaffer’s other arguments against the view. 相似文献
14.
Ibrahim A. Al-Qaryouti Ghanem J. Al bustami Moayyad A. Homidi 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2016,13(5):545-562
This study was designed to examine teachers’ reported use of evidence-based strategies to support children’s emergent literacy in Arab countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The study participants comprised 644 kindergarten teachers from four countries, including Saudi Arabia (n = 154), Qatar (n = 105), United Arab Emirates (UAE) (n = 190), and Oman (n = 195). The researchers designed a 29-items questionnaire that addressed five dimensions, examining evidence-based strategies that support emergent literacy: phonological awareness, knowledge and understandings of books and other texts, print awareness, knowledge of letters and words, and early writing. The results showed that teachers reported higher use of strategies concerning knowledge of letters and words, followed by those concerning print awareness. In addition, they reported lower use of strategies concerning early writing. Moreover, teachers in the UAE reported higher use of strategies in support of emergent literacy followed by teachers in Qatar and Oman, whereas teachers in Saudi Arabia reported lower use of evidence-based strategies. Finally, statistically significant differences were found regarding teachers’ use of emergent literacy strategies due to teachers’ demographic background. Implications for future research are discussed, and they include highlighting evidence-based emergent literacy strategies in early years settings in the GCC countries as well as expanding the scope of the study to include samples from different contexts. 相似文献
15.
《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2021,71(4):100669
IntroductionMany authors agree on the importance of training parents in early literacy strategies.ObjectiveThis study analyses the effects of an intervention to improve parent–child interactions during reading sessions, using interactive reading techniques.MethodThe design is exploratory and includes a treatment group (n = 22), which benefited from four interactive reading workshops, and a control group (n = 18), which did not benefit from specific training. Both groups read the same books, three times a week, for 10 weeks. The children come from middle socioeconomic backgrounds and attend preschool or kindergarten (grades 1–3).ResultsThe analyses were conducted on the basis of pre- and post-intervention video observations, coded using the Adult–Child Interactive Reading Inventory (ACIRI). Results from an ANCOVA show that parental behavior, and in turn child behavior, improves in post-intervention: parents improve their children's attention to the text and implement literacy strategies, while the children become more involved in the interactions.ConclusionInteractive reading workshops for parents improve the quantity and quality of parent–child interactions when reading books in a natural and playful context. 相似文献
16.
William C. Lane 《Theology & Science》2013,11(3):261-278
Leibniz said that the universe, if God-created, would exist at a unique, conjoint, physical maximum: Of all possible worlds, it would be richest in phenomena, but its richness would arise from the simplest physical laws and initial conditions. Using concepts of “variety” and algorithmic informational complexity, Leibniz' claim can be reframed as a testable theory. This theory predicts that the laws and conditions of the actual universe should be simpler, and the universe richer in phenomena, than the presence of observers would require. Tegmark has shown that inhabitants of an infinite multiverse would likely observe simple laws and conditions, but also phenomenal richness just great enough to explain their existence. Empirical observations fit the claim of divine choice better than the claim of an infinite multiverse. The future of the universe, including its future information-processing capacity, is predicted to be endless. 相似文献
17.
Dijker AJ 《Cognition》2008,106(3):1109-1125
In order to examine the relative influence of size-based expectancies and social cues on the perceived weight of objects, two studies were performed, using equally weighing dolls differing in sex-related and age-related vulnerability or physical strength cues. To increase variation in perceived size, stimulus objects were viewed through optical lenses of varying reducing power. Different groups of participants were required to provide magnitude estimates of perceived size, physical strength, or weight, or of expected weight. A size-weight illusion (SWI) was demonstrated, such that smaller objects felt heavier than larger ones, that was entirely accounted for by the mediating role of expected weight. Yet, perceived physical strength exerted an additional and more reactive influence on perceived weight independently of measured expectancies. Results are used to clarify the nature of "embodied", internal sensory-motor representations of physical and social properties. 相似文献
18.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(3):585-604
Previous research on route directions largely considers the case when a knowledgeable route-giver conveys accurate information. In the real world, however, route information is sometimes inaccurate, and directions can lead navigators astray. We explored how participants respond to route directions containing ambiguities between landmarks and turn directions, forcing reliance on one or the other. In three experiments, participants read route directions (e.g., To get to the metro station, take a right at the pharmacy) and then selected from destinations on a map. Critically, in half of the trials the landmark (pharmacy) and turn (right) directions were conflicting, such that the participant had to make a decision under conditions of uncertainty; under these conditions, we measured whether participants preferentially relied upon landmark- versus direction-based strategies. Across the three experiments, participants were either provided no information regarding the source of directions (Experiment 1), or told that the source of directions was a GPS device (Experiment 2), or a human (Experiment 3). Without information regarding the source of directions, participants generally relied on landmarks or turn information under conditions of ambiguity; in contrast, with a GPS source participants relied primarily on turn information, and with a human source on landmark information. Results were robust across gender and individual differences in spatial preference. We discuss these results within the context of spatial decision-making theory and consider implications for the design and development of landmark-inclusive navigation systems. 相似文献
19.
Alastair Taylor 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(4):293-309
The Life Era: Cosmic Selection and Conscious Evolution Eric Chaisson New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987. 259 pages. 相似文献
20.
Daniel Heussen 《Thinking & reasoning》2013,19(3):233-250
The discounting principle states that ‘the role of a given cause in producing a given effect is discounted if other plausible causes are present’ (Kelley, 1972, p. 8). The principle has only been tested with cases where the two explanations are of the same kind (i.e., causal explanations). However, explanations of properties of objects, people, or events often involve functions. Zebras have stripes in order to be better camouflaged. Humans have eyebrows to keep sweat from running into their eyes. Adrenaline is secreted in order to modulate fight and flight responses. Thus, what happens when we are faced with two different kinds of explanation for the same property: one functional and one causal? People evaluated explanations of properties for natural kinds and artefacts. Functional explanations were discounted in favour of causal explanations, however this was only true for properties of artefacts. The presence of an alternative explanation for properties of natural kinds did not affect the plausibility of either kind of explanation. 相似文献