不同阅读水平与文章熟悉程度条件下文章标记效应的研究

探讨文章阅读过程中读者的阅读水平与文章熟悉程度对文章标记效应的影响。结果表明,文章标记与文章主题熟悉程度存在显著的交互作用,文章标记对熟悉文章的信息保持无明显的促进效应．但对不熟悉文章信息保持的促进效应非常明显;文章标记对不同阅读水平读者的文章信息保持都有显著的促进效应,但对阅读水平高的读者的促进效应大于对阅读水平低的读者的促进效应。文章阅读中的结构搜索加工的观点得到初步证明。     

注视者及观察者因素对注视知觉的影响

注视知觉既包括识别他人对周围环境的注视位置, 也包括对他人是否在注视自己(即直视)的感知。诸多研究表明, 注视知觉过程受来自目光发出者与感知者多种因素的影响。从眼神沟通中不同角色角度出发, 将这些影响因素分为注视者因素和观察者因素。具体而言, 注视者因素主要探讨了眼部及头部物理特征及面孔情绪与吸引力对注视知觉的影响。而观察者因素则探讨了个体的心理或精神障碍、个体当前状态特征及观察者的性别、种族及文化差异对注视知觉的影响。未来研究可以从创新实验设计与任务出发, 探讨注视者刺激的实验材料与观察者特征的临床应用及跨文化差异等方面的问题。     

Vocal signals only impact speakers’ own emotions when they are self-attributed

Emotions are often accompanied by vocalizations whose acoustic features provide information about the physiological state of the speaker. Here, we ask if perceiving these affective signals in one’s own voice has an impact on one’s own emotional state, and if it is necessary to identify these signals as self-originated for the emotional effect to occur. Participants had to deliberate out loud about how they would feel in various familiar emotional scenarios, while we covertly manipulated their voices in order to make them sound happy or sad. Perceiving the artificial affective signals in their own voice altered participants’ judgements about how they would feel in these situations. Crucially, this effect disappeared when participants detected the vocal manipulation, either explicitly or implicitly. The original valence of the scenarios also modulated the vocal feedback effect. These results highlight the role of the exteroception of self-attributed affective signals in the emergence of emotional feelings.     

快速与正常阅读条件下文章标记对高中生阅读信息保持的影响

探讨正常与快速阅读条件下文章宏观标记对文章主题通达和文章信息保持的影响。实验以高中二年级学生为被试。结果表明,在文章主题通达上,有文章宏观标记时,正常阅读与快速阅读之间无显著差异;无文章宏观标记时,正常阅读显著优于快速阅读;在文章信息的保持量上,文章宏观标记对正常阅读和快速阅读都有显著的促进作用。据此,我们可以初步得出快速阅读过程是读者利用文章结构信息建构文章结构表征并进行结构搜索加工的过程的结论。     

面孔情绪识别过程中的多通道效应

摘 要 面孔情绪识别过程中的多感觉通道效应指参与刺激加工的各个通道对面孔表情认知的综合影响。研究者们通过行为实验、事件相关电位以及脑成像技术等对该过程中的多个获取信息的通道进行研究,肢体表情、情绪性声音、特定气味能系统地影响面孔表情的情绪识别。一系列的研究对多通道效应的作用时间、潜在作用机制、相关激活脑区进行了探索。未来的研究可以整合脑网络的技术,并结合其他学科的新技术以更细致具体地考察这些通道下信息的物理属性所起的作用。 关键词 面孔表情 多通道效应 面孔情绪识别 肢体表情 情绪性声音 嗅觉信号     

呈现方式与认知方式对文章标记效应的影响

采用纸笔呈现和视频显示终端(video display terminab,VDT)呈现两种形式,探讨了认知方式与文章标记类型对文章阅读效果的影响,结果表明: (1)文章标记对不同认知方式的读者影响不同,无论有无文章标记,场独立者对各类信息的保持量没有明显的变化,而文章的宏观标记能够使场依存者的阅读指向发生改变,场依存者会更加注意与标记有关的内容; (2)呈现方式对文章信息的保持量有显著的影响,纸笔呈现方式下,被试的信息保持量明显好于VDT呈现方式; (3)在VDT呈现条件下,场独立者对主题性信息的保持量显著高于场依存者.     

Targets,tactics, and the open mouth face during play fighting in three species of primates

The play fighting of many mammals involves the nonserious use of behavior patterns derived from serious fighting. A major question of theoretical importance has been that of how, given this overlap in patterns of behavior, the animals can distinguish between playful and nonplayful intent. One proposed solution is that animals use play signals to inform each other about the playful intent of their actions. The most widely reported play signal amongst primates is the open mouth play face. The manner in which this so-called signal functions is based on correlational evidence, with most reports simply noting its presence or absence in a given species. This study involved a detailed video-based analysis of the occurrence of open mouths during the play fighting of three species of primates. One captive troop each of ring-tailed lemurs, black-handed spider monkeys, and patas monkeys was used. By examining all open mouths in the context of the species-typical style of play fighting, several conclusions were empirically verified. 1) Most open mouths occur as a functionally necessary precursor for biting. 2) Some open mouths occur as a defensive threat which deters further contact. 3) The residual open mouths which may function as contact promoting play signals, constituted about 20–25% of all open mouths by the lemurs and patas monkeys, but less than 5% for spider monkeys. These species differences appeared to arise from two causes. Firstly, the spider monkeys used another signal, the head shake, in situations where lemurs and patas monkeys used open mouths. Secondly, the style of play fighting greatly influenced the frequency and duration of open mouths. This was most marked in the face-to-face combat style of patas monkeys. These findings show that comparative studies of the occurrence and function of play signals need to take into account species-typical styles of playful combat. Aggr. Behav. 23:41–57, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

文章主题论述长度对文章标记效应的影响

探讨文章阅读过程中文章主题论述长度对文章主题信息和从属信息的保持效果。结果表明：文章主题论述长度影响着文章标记的效应,在有文章宏观标记条件下,文章主题论述长短对主题的通达无显著影响;但在无宏观标记条件下,论述长的文章主题的记忆效应显著优于论述短的主题;文章宏观标记对短主题从属信息的保持存在显著的扩散效应。