L’internalisation des stéréotypes chez les « petits » fonctionnaires : impact du contact avec le public et du prestige perçu

This paper focuses on the internalization of stereotypes among French office workers in the lower category (category C). More precisely, we investigated the impact of two independent factors on this internalization of stereotypes: the perceived external prestige and public contact. Results obtained using questionnaires completed by 175 office workers have mainly showed that, in accordance with previous studies, the external prestige perceived influence significantly the internalization of stereotypes. But, contrary to previous studies, the frequency of contacts with the public has no impact on the internalization of stereotypes in our sample. Our results invite furter work on this population of office employees who is, paradoxically, increasingly confronted with stereotypes but subject of very few studies.     

Psychosocial effects of gentrification on elderly people in Barcelona from the perspective of bereavement

This study explores the effects of gentrification processes on non-displaced seniors. To this end, we conducted a qualitative study, using a cross-sectional phenomenological design. Through 29 semi-structured interviews we analysed the narratives of elderly people with regard to the changes experienced in the Barceloneta neighbourhood of the city of Barcelona, Spain, during the last decades. We interpreted the results from the perspective of grief using as a reference the dual process model of coping with bereavement. Those interviewed reported experiencing losses related to the commercial fabric, community spaces, perceptions of safety and the family or neighbourhood fabric. These losses generate negative effects on health and also weaken the sources of social support that could once have protected against the effects of them. Most of the narratives collected include observations similar to those that occur in bereavement processes that are focused on loss. The results provide further arguments on the need to design urban policies from the perspective of community health, and suggest professional actions aimed at preventing risks to health and social cohesion caused by gentrification processes.     

Warm and touching tears: tearful individuals are perceived as warmer because we assume they feel moved and touched

ABSTRACT

Recent work investigated the inter-individual functions of emotional tears in depth. In one study (Van de Ven, N., Meijs, M. H. J., & Vingerhoets, A. (2017). What emotional tears convey: Tearful individuals are seen as warmer, but also as less competent. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(1), 146–160. Https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12162) tearful individuals were rated as warmer, and participants expressed more intentions to approach and help such individuals. Simultaneously, tearful individuals were rated as less competent, and participants expressed less intention to work with the depicted targets. While tearful individuals were perceived as sadder, perceived sadness mediated only the effect on competence, but not on warmth. We argue that tearful individuals might be perceived as warm because they are perceived as feeling moved and touched. We ran a pre-registered extended replication of Van de Ven et al. Results replicate the warmth and helping findings, but not the competence and work effects. The increase in warmth ratings was completely mediated by perceiving feeling moved and touched. Possible functions of feeling moved and touched with regard to emotional tears are discussed.     

Dental anxiety in the elderly

Abstract

This review of the literature shows that dental anxiety in the elderly has been estimated at a much lower level than that found in the general population. However, it is thought that the problem may have been underestimated because older persons may have masked their feelings by minimizing their needs for dental treatment. It is suggested that dentists need to address the special needs of the older dental patients if they wish to have them utilize their services. Older persons' needs can be met only with a greater understanding and tolerance of ageing processes than has been shown in the past. The decrease of dental anxiety with age found in cross-sectional studies needs to be confirmed by longitudinal studies.     

刻板印象错误知觉任务:区分刻板印象激活与刻板印象应用的新方法

刻板印象错误知觉任务(Stereotype Misperception Task,简称SMT)是一种能对刻板印象激活和刻板印象应用进行有效区分的研究范式,对应的多项式模型能对二者各自贡献量大小进行测算与评估。依托对二者关系的解构,介绍了SMT的操作程序、原理、多项式模型及其数据分析,比较了SMT和情感错误归因程序(AMP)以及四重模型的内在关联和本质区别,展望了未来的发展方向。     

Aging effect on detectability,criticality and urgency under various auditory conditions

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between different components of an auditory warning signal and determine elderly driver’s detection, criticality and urgency perceptions under varied auditory warning conditions. A laboratory study was conducted involving 28 younger and 28 older adults. A pure-tone audiogram was administered for quantification of the participant’s hearing level (in dBHL) prior to the test protocols. Audiogram was conducted in a sound isolated booth. The main experiment investigated the effects of frequency, temporal characteristics, aging, and noise on detectability, caution and perceived urgent levels. Method of adjustment was used by the subjects to adjust the sound pressure level (dBA) till they detected, or felt caution or urgent. Overall, the results indicated that elderly had higher sound pressure threshold than younger individuals in all the sessions (i.e., detectability, caution and urgency). Elderly were found to have higher hearing thresholds especially at 4000 Hz. Higher frequencies were also seen to require less sound pressure thresholds to convey feeling of caution and urgency. Sound pressure threshold to convey the feeling of urgency was the lowest for 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz with 1000 Hz requiring the highest threshold intensity. In conclusion, current study findings suggest frequency, temporal and spectral components to influence a person’s criterion. We would recommend the use of complex tones (multi-components) having high frequency around 2000 Hz for detection, warning and urgent conditions.     

Mental-rotation performance in middle and high-school age: influence of stimulus material,gender stereotype beliefs,and perceived ability of gendered activities

ABSTRACT

In psychometric mental-rotation tests, males mostly outperform females. The stimulus material and stereotype beliefs could partly be responsible for these differences. This was investigated in an experimental study administering traditional cube figures (C-MRT) and structurally similar pellet figures (P-MRT) to middle- and high-school aged children. 168 participants either solved the C-MRT or the P-MRT and filled out a questionnaire about their perceived ability of stereotypically masculine and feminine activities and about their gender stereotype beliefs. Overall, boys outperformed girls and all children who solved the C-MRT were better than those who solved the P-MRT. Only boys' mental-rotation performance increased with age while girls' perceived ability of stereotypically masculine activities decreased. A regression analysis identified children’s gender, their perceived ability of stereotypically masculine activities and their female gender stereotype beliefs as predictors of mental-rotation performance. Results are discussed with a focus on stereotype threat effects and gender differences in mental-rotation strategies.     

应用内隐联想测验的内隐社会认知研究新进展

内隐联想测验是一种新的社会认知研究方法,在内隐社会认知研究中得到广泛应用。近年来,国内外研究者应用内隐联想测验在对内隐刻板印象、内隐态度、内隐自尊以及内隐攻击性的研究中取得了新的进展。对内隐联想测验本身存在问题的研究推动了它在内隐社会认知研究领域内的进一步发展及应用。     

刻板印象威胁：新议题与新争议

刻板印象威胁是指当个体或群体感知到情境中有关所属群体消极刻板印象存在时, 由于担心和焦虑反而会验证自己或所属群体的消极刻板印象这一过程。大量的实证研究证实, 消极刻板印象的存在会损害个体或群体在相关领域的表现。但新近研究在影响因素中出现了许多新的议题, 如外溢效应、交互作用力和系统性等。在刻板印象威胁的应对和干预策略中也突破了以往的研究路线, 围绕认同融合与认同分离、否定策略的适用性、促进效应与窒息效应、角色榜样策略的矛盾性、认同转换策略和弱化群体边界的有效性以及群体互动改善效果等展开了新的讨论与纷争。通过对这些新议题和新讨论的梳理与阐释, 提出了未来研究可尝试的路径。