激励发展中国家的卫生研究——再思考与研讨新策略时代正在兴起

发展中国家需要更清晰地明确其卫生研究面临的优先项目,即国家应共同分担全球性研究项目,增强激励和纳入研究轨道的国家能力,把循证决策人微言轻政策决策的基础,加强国家与国际合作问题是卫生研究中的中心议题。     

Choosing Assessment Instruments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screening and Outcome Research

Effect‐size results from Erford et al.'s ( 2016 ) meta‐analysis for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were used to compare 6 instruments' usefulness in measuring counseling treatment outcomes. Effect‐size comparisons indicated equivalent overall effect sizes using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale, the Impact of Event Scale–Revised, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the PTSD Checklist, and the Structured Interview for PTSD. The Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD yielded significantly more conservative (i.e., lower) effect‐size comparisons.     

Training to be a volunteer Rape Crisis counsellor: a qualitative study of women's experiences

This is an account of a qualitative study designed to elicit and analyse the narratives of women who had trained to be volunteer counsellors at a Rape Crisis centre. Little prior research has focused on the experiences of workers in Rape Crisis centres and this project was designed to explore women's experiences in ways that were meaningful to them. The research methods used were face-to-face, unstructured, in-depth individual interviews and group sessions. Participants in the individual interviews had all undertaken Rape Crisis training within the preceding two years. The group sessions involved all workers who were actively involved with the Rape Crisis centre at the time of the research. Five themes emerged from an inductive analysis of the data: motivation to train, complexity and change, changes in personal relationships, personal change and feminism. Overall the study highlights the complex, transformative processes that volunteer Rape Crisis counsellors may experience. The article concludes by identifying implications for practice that may serve to enhance training for volunteer counsellors in the future.     

Bridging the Gap Between Prevention Research and Practice: The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation

If we keep on doing what we have been doing, we are going to keep on getting what we have been getting. Concerns about the gap between science and practice are longstanding. There is a need for new approaches to supplement the existing approaches of research to practice models and the evolving community-centered models for bridging this gap. In this article, we present the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF) that uses aspects of research to practice models and of community-centered models. The framework presents three systems: the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System (which distills information about innovations and translates it into user-friendly formats); the Prevention Support System (which provides training, technical assistance or other support to users in the field); and the Prevention Delivery System (which implements innovations in the world of practice). The framework is intended to be used by different types of stakeholders (e.g., funders, practitioners, researchers) who can use it to see prevention not only through the lens of their own needs and perspectives, but also as a way to better understand the needs of other stakeholders and systems. It provides a heuristic for understanding the needs, barriers, and resources of the different systems, as well as a structure for summarizing existing research and for illuminating priority areas for new research and action. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.     

Commentary on Special Section on “Bidirectional Parent–Child Relationships”: The Continuing Evolution of Dynamic,Transactional Models of Parenting and Youth Behavior Problems

Creative and methodologically sophisticated longitudinal research on bidirectionality in parenting and child behavior can shed important new light on the dynamics of behavior-problem development. The articles assembled for this Special Section are at the forefront of efforts aimed at tracing the interplay of parenting behavior and child and adolescent adjustment problems over time. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of thinking and research on bidirectionality and then highlight key themes and findings reported in these articles. We describe some of the challenges in research on bidirectional processes and offer some recommendations for future research in this area.     

A Multi-Dimensional Framework for Evaluation of Instructional Consultation Teams

ABSTRACT

This article describes a multidimensional framework for evaluating team-based services in schools. The theory and literature on developmental, causal and confirmatory program evaluation are discussed as the foundation for this framework. The model of Instructional Consultation Teams (IC-Teams) is presented as an illustration of how program evaluation research supports program development and provides evidence of program impact. The inferred impact of IC-Teams upon over-referral and identification of students for special education, especially minority students, is investigated using the confirmatory criteria of consistency. Three studies investigating the impact of IC-Teams upon special education referrals of the IC-Team model are presented. The studies, conducted across three implementations of the program with three different methodologies, demonstrated decreases in the referral, evaluation and placement of students in special education. The need for additional research and limits of the approach are discussed.     

Effectiveness of a Social Skills Training Program with School Age Children: Transition to the Clinical Setting

Interventions that mobilize the parents to coach and reinforce their children's social skills have been shown to improve children's social functioning and decrease inappropriate social behaviors in the home and at school. However, few studies have examined whether these treatment outcomes can be successfully transferred from the research to the clinical setting. We examined the effectiveness of a 12-session manualized social skills intervention involving parent participation. As part of regular clinical practice, measures of children's social skills, self-control, and psychopathology were collected pre- and post-treatment. Findings suggest that parent ratings of children's social skills and self-control improved and aggressive behavior decreased.     

Topic-relevant cognition and empathic accuracy in laboratory discussions of safer sex

Abstract

The present study sought to identify some of the mechanisms that make safer sex such a difficult topic to talk about. Fifty six dating couples participated in a laboratory study in which the opposite-sex members of two pairs of couples engaged in two discussions of safer sex (or a control topic), each time with a different opposite-sex partner (their own dating partner or an opposite-sex stranger). The results indicated that discussions of safer sex evoke in dating partners a high level of perceived goal-incompatibility, difficulty maintaining one's focus on the topic, and difficulty in reading the other partner's thoughts and feelings. These reactions did not occur in response to the control topic. This initial demonstration study is important with respect to the processes it implicates, but further clarification is needed regarding the specific real-life conditions in which these processes do, and do not, occur.     

How could process-oriented research approaches capture the interplay between training and competition in athlete performance preparation? The contribution of ecological dynamics

Analyses of training or competition environments traditionally tend to adopt a product-oriented perspective through the recording and statistical analysis of performance outcomes. Consequently, most investigations continue to ignore the processes underpinning functional achievement of outcomes, therefore, failing to examine contextual effects of how and why performance evolves. This critical research note highlights the need for sport psychologists, pedagogues, and other applied scientists to consider a range of alternative methodological designs for research to monitor and explain processes inherent to performance preparation. These process-oriented designs require the continuous flow and exchange of performance data between training and competition, mediated by practitioners’ experiential knowledge. We endorse a triangulation of information defined as a ‘competition-coach-training’ triad which needs to be better acknowledged. Redirecting the focus of practice and research away from a product-oriented (driven by broad statistical data patterns), towards a process-oriented perspective (examined through in-depth contextual analyses) may re-calibrate the theory-practice alignment.     

Minimizing Bias and Maximizing the Potential Strengths of Autoethnography as a Narrative Research

Up to the current time, psychology has provided very limited space for qualitative research to contribute to the discipline, even though psychology has a lot to do with subjectivity and intersubjectivity in its work. This article discusses autoethnography, which by some qualitative researchers is still being debated. The author argues that autoethnography contains strong narrative components or analysis with potential contribution to provide new understanding and to build knowledge. The article discusses criticisms against autoethnography, followed by its distinctive characteristics, which at the same time bring significant potential power. Clear guidelines and steps are needed to minimize biases and to bring about the potential power of autoethnography, and this article aims to address the issues through discussions on intersubjectivity, reflexivity, and ethics. At the end, it might be concluded that autoethnography is a method to investigate not merely the researchers, but to reveal certain phenomena and issues. Autoethnography is one good alternative among other methods that can contribute to developing understanding and knowledge through the construction of substantive theories about a particular issue.