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71.
The term “joint attention”, which first gained currency in the early 1960s in studies of the development of language and symbolic thought, remains significant in the developmental literature. However, its meaning is unclear. A definitional problem exists similar to what Patterson [Patterson, M. L. (1982). A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Psychological Review, 89, 231–249] described as the “dual usage” problem in the study of behaviour. The dual usage problem manifests when the behaviours of interest are used interchangeably with the function served by those behaviours. Similarly, the behaviours or skills that are taken to show joint attention are used interchangeably with the functions served by these behaviours. Scant attention is given to how the behaviours are generated and regulated and how they contribute to development. The purpose of the present position paper was: (1) to identify and illustrate the ways in which the behaviours and functions of joint attention have been confounded in the literature; (2) to provide a revised operationalization of joint attention incorporating the idea of Consummative Joint Attention, which is defined as a process variable that integrates these two theoretically different and complementary aspects of “joint attention;” and (3) to test this revised definition with evidence from a sample of hearing mothers and their 18- to 36-month-old hearing or deaf toddlers. We suggest that a reconceptualization and revised definition of joint attention as a process served by a particular sequence of complementary and well-timed events in the behaviour of mother–child interaction are particularly well-suited to testing joint attention as an early prelingual mechanism and to detecting early problems with psychosocial and adaptive development created by ineffective patterns of social interaction. 相似文献
72.
Burk LR Park JH Armstrong JM Klein MH Goldsmith HH Zahn-Waxler C Essex MJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(4):513-526
This prospective investigation sought to discriminate children who were both aggressive towards and victimized by peers in
the first grade, from those who were only aggressive, only victimized, or neither (i.e., socially adjusted), using early child
and family risk factors. Two hundred thirty-eight children, their mothers, and teachers participated in a longitudinal study
since birth. All three aggressor/victim subgroups showed greater temperamental dysregulation than the socially adjusted children,
but only aggressive victims had significantly poorer social perception skills. Aggressive victims were distinguished from
aggressors by greater exposure to maternal depression and from victims by lower levels of early inhibition, but they shared
the experiences of negative family emotional expressiveness with aggressors and greater mother-child negativity with victims.
The identification of early risk factors is crucial to prevention and early intervention efforts that have the potential to
attenuate the long term emotional, social, and academic problems associated with aggressive victim status. 相似文献
73.
Connell A Bullock BM Dishion TJ Shaw D Wilson M Gardner F 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1211-1225
This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children
age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged
families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers
between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked
interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age
3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to
study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing
and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning
from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions
in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems. 相似文献
74.
Preschoolers' aggression and parent-child conflict: a multiinformant and multimethod study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This multiinformant and multimethod study (N=47) investigated the link between the parent-child relationship system and the display of physical and relational aggression with peers at school during early childhood. Children (mean age=43.54 months, SD=8.02) were observed (80min/child) during free play, and parents and teachers were asked to complete several standard measures. Intercorrelations between aggression subtypes revealed moderate to high levels of correlation for parents and teachers and no significant association for observations of physical and relational aggression. Interinformant agreement was examined, and teachers and parents were found to significantly agree for both physical and relational aggression, and teachers and observers also significantly agreed for both subtypes of aggression. Results of regression analyses suggest that parent-child conflict was uniquely associated with relational aggression among peers when controlling for physical aggression and gender. Ways in which these findings build on the extant literature are discussed. 相似文献
75.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(3):253-270
In Men, Religion, and Melancholia: James, Otto, Jung, and Erikson (D. Capps, 1997) and Men and Their Religion: Honor, Hope, and Humor (D. Capps, 2002), I argued that men are no less religious than women, but their religiousness is different from that of women because it
has its psychological origins in the emotional separation between a boy and his mother around the ages of three to five. Employing
Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” (S. Freud, 1917/1963) essay, I suggested that their religiousness is rooted in an ontological state of melancholy (which
is different from the psychological state of depression). In Men and Their Religion I identified the religions of honor and of hope as the primary forms of male melancholic religion, and suggested that humor
is a third form that may come to one’s assistance when one experiences the limitations of the other two religions. In this
article, I focus on my own early adolescent years (age 11–14) and explain how one boy became reliably religious, that is, how he embraced or internalized the religions of honor and of hope. In the companion article, I will
explain how these two religions were relativized—and thereby preserved—by the religion of humor. 相似文献
76.
Jessica Mass Levitt Noa Saka Lisa Hunter Romanelli Kimberly Hoagwood 《Journal of School Psychology》2007,45(2):163-191
When embedded within a continuum of mental health services including both prevention and treatment, school-based mental health identification programs can promote improved academic and mental health functioning among students. This article describes the scientific status of assessment instrumentation that may be used for early mental health identification in schools. Currently available instruments are described in terms of their ability to accurately detect youth with mental health problems. Implications for selecting mental health screening and assessment instruments and integrating them into schools are discussed. Finally, a range of approaches to early identification in schools as well as some of the broader ethical and practical issues related to the integration of these strategies into a school-wide continuum of services are presented. 相似文献
77.
Katariina Salmela-Aro Asko Tolvanen Jari-Erik Nurmi 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2009,75(2):162-172
To examine whether individuals’ achievement strategies measured during university studies would have an impact on work burnout and work engagement measured 10, 14 and 17 years later, 292 university students completed the SAQ strategy questionnaire three times while at university, and the work burnout inventory three times and work engagement inventory twice during their early career. The results showed that optimism increased during university, while task-avoidance did not change. Moreover, high and increasing optimism during university predicted a high level of work engagement and low level of burnout 10, 14 and 17 years later. By contrast, a high level of task-avoidance during university predicted a low level of work engagement and high level of burnout during the early career. 相似文献
78.
The study investigated the effects of writing and self-help information on severity of psychological symptoms in traumatic injury patients at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients attending Accident and Emergency (A & E), were screened for Acute Stress Disorder and randomised to an information control group (n = 36) or a writing and information group (n = 31). Participants in both groups received an information booklet one-month post-injury. Participants in the writing group also wrote about emotional aspects of their trauma during three 20-min sessions, five to six weeks post-injury. Psychological assessments were completed within one month and at three and six months post-injury. There were significant improvements on measures of anxiety, depression and PTSD over time. Differences between groups on these measures were not statistically significant. However, subjective ratings of the usefulness of writing were high. In conclusion, the results do not currently support the use of writing as a targeted early intervention technique for traumatic injury patients at risk of developing PTSD. 相似文献
79.
Individual differences in creativity across the lifespan have been identified, but little research has focused on the development of creativity during early adolescence. This project examined individual differences on two measures of creativity in early adolescence as well as the predictability of adolescent creativity from pretend play behaviors during the preschool years. Realistic role‐play behavior was assessed at age 5 for 127 children who later completed two creative thinking tasks (TCT‐DP and the Alternative Uses Measure) when the children were 10–15 years of age. Realistic role‐play when the children were age 5 significantly predicted their scores during early adolescence on the Alternative Uses Measure but not the TCT‐DP. Significant sex differences were found for amount of time engaged in realistic role‐play at age 5 and performance on the TCT‐DP, with girls engaging in more role‐play at age 5 and scoring higher on the TCT‐DP during early adolescence than boys. No sex differences were observed for the Alternative Uses Measure. These results suggest that preschool role‐play behaviors represent early creativity and are tapping aspects of creativity development that are manifested in early adolescence. 相似文献
80.
Anna-Lind Petursdottir Kristen McMaster Jennifer J. McComas Tracy Bradfield Viveca Braganza Julie Koch-McDonald Roxana Rodriguez Haley Scharf 《Journal of School Psychology》2009,47(4):215-243
The purpose of this study was to investigate how brief experimental analyses (BEAs) could be used to identify effective interventions for Kindergartners (2 girls and 2 boys, 5 years and 7-10 months old) with low performance and/or growth slope in letter sound fluency (LSF). Interventions were tested within a multielement design with brief mini-reversals until an intervention yielding at least 20% improvement on a specific subskill measure or a curriculum-based measure of LSF was identified. BEA-identified interventions were implemented one-on-one for 5 to 9 weeks. A multiple-baseline design across participants showed large intervention effects (average adjusted d = 2.4) on general outcome measures, supporting treatment validity of BEAs. Findings extend the BEA literature to younger participants, early reading interventions, and early reading measures. 相似文献