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931.
采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·人际素质分量表》对全国23个省、市、自治区的44063名青少年人际心理健康素质发展状况进行调查。结果表明:(1)我国青少年人际素质处于较好的发展水平;(2)青少年在整体人际素质及人际交往、人际调控、人际知觉等各维度上的年级变化呈现一定差异,整体人际素质与人际交往、人际调控维度得分随年级增长呈现下降趋势,人际知觉维度得分随年级的增长呈逐渐上升趋势。 相似文献
932.
Cecilia Fagerström Christel Borg Cristian Balducci Vanessa Burholt Clare G. Wenger Dieter Ferring Germain Weber Göran Holst Ingalill R. Hallberg 《Applied research in quality of life》2007,2(1):33-50
Life satisfaction is a concept frequently used to measure wellbeing of older people. However, there is still a lack of cross-national
comparative research investigating factors associated with life satisfaction. There may be unique and common factors associated
with life satisfaction across European countries. This study aimed to investigate life satisfaction among people aged 60–89 years
in six European countries in relation to health problems, ADL capacity, self-esteem, social and financial resources. A cross-sectional
study was performed, including 7,699 people aged 60–89 years, in Sweden, the UK, The Netherlands, Luxemburg, Austria and Italy,
participating in the European Study of Adult Wellbeing, using questions from the Older Americans Resources and Services schedule,
Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Index Z and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scale. Logistic
regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with life satisfaction in the six national samples. In cases
where people were less satisfied with their life it was fairly satisfactory and unsatisfactory social contacts (Odds Ratio
(OR) 1.5–13.8), poor financial resources (OR 1.7–15.1), feeling greatly hindered by health problems (OR 2.2–5.4) and self-esteem
(OR 2.1–5.1) rather than the ability to perform activities of daily living and the extent of social contacts that gave the
greatest risk of low life satisfaction in all the six European countries. There were both common and country-specific factors
important for life satisfaction in the six European countries. However, the importance of satisfactory social contacts, financial
resources, self-esteem and feeling hindered by health problems seems universal in the six included countries and thus important
to target in preventive interventions. 相似文献
933.
A central question in creativity concerns how insightful ideas emerge. Anecdotal examples of insightful scientific and technical discoveries include Goodyear's discovery of the vulcanization of rubber, and Mendeleev's realization that there may be gaps as he tried to arrange the elements into the Periodic Table. Although most people would regard these discoveries as insightful, cognitive psychologists have had difficulty in agreeing on whether such ideas resulted from insights or from conventional problem solving processes. One area of wide agreement among psychologists is that insight involves a process of restructuring. If this view is correct, then understanding insight and its role in problem solving will depend on a better understanding of restructuring and the characteristics that describe it. This article proposes and tests a preliminary classification of insight problems based on several restructuring characteristics: the need to redefine spatial assumptions, the need to change defined forms, the degree of misdirection involved, the difficulty in visualizing a possible solution, the number of restructuring sequences in the problem, and the requirement for figure‐ground type reversals. A second purpose of the study was to compare performance on classic spatial insight problems with two types of verbal tests that may be related to insight, the Remote Associates Test (RAT), and rebus puzzles. In doing so, we report on the results of a survey of 172 business students at the University of Waikato in New Zealand who completed classic‐type insight, RAT and rebus problems. 相似文献
934.
Lombrozo T 《Cognitive Science》2009,33(2):273-286
Traditional approaches to moral psychology assumed that moral judgments resulted from the application of explicit commitments, such as those embodied in consequentialist or deontological philosophies. In contrast, recent work suggests that moral judgments often result from unconscious or emotional processes, with explicit commitments generated post hoc. This paper explores the intermediate position that moral commitments mediate moral judgments, but not through their explicit and consistent application in the course of judgment. An experiment with 336 participants finds that individuals vary in the extent to which their moral commitments are consequentialist or deontological, and that this variation is systematically but imperfectly related to the moral judgments elicited by trolley car problems. Consequentialist participants find action in trolley car scenarios more permissible than do deontologists, and only consequentialists moderate their judgments when scenarios that typically elicit different intuitions are presented side by side. The findings emphasize the need for a theory of moral reasoning that can accommodate both the associations and dissociations between moral commitments and moral judgments. 相似文献
935.
采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·适应分量表》对内蒙古自治区10所蒙古族中小学的1768名蒙古族中小学生进行了调查,对其结果分析表明,量表中的22个项目均符合测量学要求,高低分组被试在所有因子上的得分差异都达到显著性水平;量表的内部一致性信度α系数为0.803;探索性因素分析均揭示了量表结构效度较好;验证性因素分析表明,本量表数据与6因子模型的拟合程度很好,达到可接受的各项标准指数。该量表具有较好的信度和效度,适合蒙古族青少年群体使用。 相似文献
936.
As children’s exposure to violence (EV) has become more evident, concern for the implications that violence has on children
has risen. Consequently, researchers have explored the relationship between exposure and outcomes, as well as potential mediators
and moderators. In this study, we (a) examined EV in a sample of children from the Midwestern United States; (b) replicated
previous findings that identify a direct relationship between EV and psychological sequelae; and (c) explored the possibility
that loneliness mediates the exposure–outcomes relationship. Children (11–14 years) in our sample were exposed to elevated
levels of violence in their neighborhoods. Furthermore, children who were directly victimized demonstrated greater levels
of behavioral difficulties than children who were not. Although loneliness was not a significant mediator, our findings have
laid the groundwork for future research regarding the influence of peer relationships on EV and outcomes. 相似文献
937.
Jalika Street April Harris-Britt Chanequa Walker-Barnes 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):412-420
Ethnic identity has been linked to a number of healthy psychological outcomes for African American adolescents. The levels
of conflict and cohesion in the family environment have also been found to be predictive of adolescent mental health. This
study examined whether the ethnic identity and levels of conflict and cohesion in the family environments were related to
adolescents’ psychological adjustment. Participants included 61 African American adolescents, ages 10–14 years old, and their
parents. Hierarchical regression models were used to determine the cumulative effects of ethnic identity and family functioning
on adolescent mental health, specifically adolescent levels of depression, self-esteem, and interpersonal functioning. Results
indicated that having a positive ethnic identity and a cohesive family environment were most strongly associated with psychological
adjustment. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of family interventions. 相似文献
938.
Elizabeth A. Mongillo Margaret Briggs-Gowan Julian D. Ford Alice S. Carter 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):455-468
Toddlers may be at particularly high risk for a number of psychiatric, developmental and neurobiological consequences in the
aftermath of trauma. The social and emotional impact of potentially traumatic life events experienced between 6 and 36-months
of age was assessed in an epidemiological birth cohort of 18- to 36-month-olds from the Greater New Haven Area. Event-exposed
toddlers evidenced greater symptom severity on the ITSEA Internalizing, Externalizing, Dysregulation, Atypical and Maladaptive
scales, as well on the CBCL Internalizing and Externalizing scales than those not exposed. Approximately one-fifth of event-exposed
toddlers were reported by their parents to have experienced a dramatic change in functioning following the event, and were
described as experiencing higher levels of symptoms consistent with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), namely re-experiencing
and arousal, than exposed toddlers whose parents did not report a change in their functioning. Implications for clinicians
and child care providers working with toddlers and their parents are discussed. 相似文献
939.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA Rathouz PJ Rodgers JL D'Onofrio BM Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):45-58
Inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior have been hypothesized to be developmental precursors to conduct problems.
We tested these hypotheses using a longitudinal sample of 6,466 offspring of women selected from nationally representative
US households. Conduct problems across 8–13 years were robustly predicted by conduct problems at 4–7 years, but also were
independently predicted to a small extent by both inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behaviors at 4–7 years. Longitudinal
multivariate behavior genetic analyses revealed that the genetic and environmental factors that influence conduct problems
at both 4–7 and 8–13 years also influence the putative precursors at 4–7 years. After genetic and environmental influences
on conduct problems at 4–7 years were taken into account, however, inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior at 4–7 years
shared causal influences with conduct problems 8–13 years to a negligible extent. These findings suggest that after early
conduct problems are controlled, little is gained in terms of prediction or understanding genetic and environmental influences
on later child conduct problems by treating early inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior as developmental precursors
to later conduct problems. 相似文献
940.
Danielle L. Linklater Rollanda E. O'Connor Gregory J. Palardy 《Journal of School Psychology》2009,(6):369-394
The study assessed the ability of English phonemic awareness measures to predict kindergarten reading performance and determine factors that contributed to growth trajectories on those measures for English Only (EO) and English language learner (ELL) students. Using initial sound fluency (ISF), phoneme segmentation fluency (PSF), and a combined phoneme segmentation task (CPST), students' beginning of kindergarten scores were used to predict end-of-kindergarten Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) and reading (WRMT-R/NU). Regression analyses revealed that ISF and CPST early in kindergarten predicted variance in NWF and WRMT-R/NU. PSF did not predict reading performance over ISF or CPST. While gender was a significant factor in the growth curves across the measures, results revealed no significant difference for EO and ELL students. 相似文献