Developing an integrated theoretical model of young peoples’ condom use in sub‐Saharan Africa          下载免费PDF全文

Cleo Protogerou  Martin S. Hagger 《Australian journal of psychology》2017,69(2):130-148

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Tobias M. Härtel;Simon M. Breil;Eric Grunenberg;Mitja D. Back; 《Psychologie appliquee》2024,73(4):1728-1771

Human resource (HR) professionals regularly draw personality inferences from applicants' resumés. Building on the lens model, we illuminate resumés' potential for accurately inferring personality by examining valid resumé cues indicating personality. We assessed self-reported big five traits and narcissism of 141 business students at career start applying with resumés for a fictional position. Drawing on personality theory and empirical findings, 70 resumé cues (e.g., appealing look and creative hobbies) were post hoc selected from a larger cue set comprising 160 cues coded by 11 trained coders. Computing bivariate correlations and multiple linear regressions, we identified easy-to-interpret valid resumé cues explaining substantial personality variance, with conscientiousness, openness, and narcissism being best explained by resumé cues (R2 > 20%). Although all considered personality traits were expressed in resumé cues, only a fraction of the cues (16 out of 70 cues) were related to personality traits. This suggests a rather mediocre upper limit to the potential of accurately inferring personality from resumés. We contribute to the literature on personality inferences at zero-acquaintance by adding valid resumé cues to recruitment-related information bases allowing to make (somewhat) accurate personality inferences. The results have practical implications for applying resumé-based personality inferences in recruitment and improving HR professionals' accuracy.  相似文献   

    

Holly C. Wiggins  Eileen M. Roscoe 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):997-1012

Although a demand analysis is helpful for identifying potential establishing operations for the functional analysis (FA) demand condition, it may not always be practical due to time constraints. A potential alternative is the Negative Reinforcement Rating Scale (NRRS), an indirect assessment tool that may serve as a time efficient alternative to a demand analysis. The experimenter assessed the reliability and validity of the NRRS for 5 individuals with autism spectrum disorder who exhibited problem behavior. Multiple types of interrater reliability were assessed across 2 informants, and NRRS outcomes were compared to a subsequent demand analysis and FA to assess its validity. Reliability was high (M = 84%) for NRRS numerical ratings of categories but low (M = 32.9%) for specific examples provided. NRRS-identified highly aversive tasks yielded better correspondence with demand analysis outcomes than did NRRS-identified less aversive tasks.  相似文献   

    

Jennifer N. Fritz  Christopher T. Roath  Patricia T. Shoemaker  A. Blair Edwards  Louisa A. Hussein  Natalie K. Villante  Channing A. Langlinais  Lisa A. Rettig 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(3):1688-1701

Studies have shown that the multiple-stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment is an effective assessment format for identifying preferred items. However, it is possible that factors other than reinforcer quality might influence selections by some individuals when the MSWO array consists of edible items. The validity of the MSWO results was evaluated by comparing items identified as most and least preferred by the MSWO assessment in a concurrent-schedule (CS) format. Varying edible items were used in each study. The MSWO format accurately identified the higher quality edible item for most participants across studies (76%); however, the MSWO format did not predict the highest quality edible item in the CS assessment for 20% to 30% of participants in each study.  相似文献   

    

Alexandra Protopopova  Ashley L. Matter  Breanna N. Harris  Katie M. Wiskow  Jeanne M. Donaldson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):811-834

This study compared contingent and noncontingent access to therapy dogs during educational tasks for children with autism spectrum disorder using a multielement design. The experimenters assessed whether initial preference for the dog predicted reinforcer efficacy and how preference changed across time. A higher response rate during contingent dog sessions than baseline sessions occurred for 4 out of 5 participants, suggesting that the dog functioned as a reinforcer. One participant engaged in a high rate of responding in both contingent and noncontingent dog conditions. Preference assessments revealed idiosyncrasies, suggesting that further research is needed into the predictive nature of initial preference assessments with animals as part of the stimulus array. The experimenters also analyzed salivary cortisol before and after sessions to determine if learning about the upcoming interaction with a dog reduced salivary cortisol in children. Cortisol was variable across participants, with only some deriving a potential physiological benefit from expecting to interact with the dog.  相似文献   

    

Samuel L. Morris  Timothy R. Vollmer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):918-937

Researchers have evaluated a variety of methods for assessing preference for social interactions, and generally have found that such assessments accurately identify differentially reinforcing, preferred interactions. However, few researchers have compared methods for assessing preference for social interactions, and none have done so with participants across different skill levels. The current study compared the stability and validity of hierarchies produced by social interaction preference assessments (SIPA) and picture-based multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessments (MSWO) with 8 individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The MSWO most often produced valid hierarchies for participants who could match, identify, and tact pictures of social interactions and that the SIPA most often produced valid hierarchies for participants who could not identify or tact pictures of social interactions. A vocal paired-stimulus preference assessment (PSPA) was also conducted with a subset of participants who communicated vocally, and it produced valid hierarchies. Considerations and recommendations for selecting a method of assessing preference for social interactions are discussed.  相似文献   

    

Samuel L. Morris  Timothy R. Vollmer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(3):1452-1465

Researchers have recently begun to evaluate video-based preference assessments; however, only two studies have evaluated the efficacy of this preference assessment modality in assessing preference for social interactions. Four individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who could not match pictures or graphic-interchange-format images (GIFs) of social interactions to in vivo interaction participated. We compared picture and GIF-based paired-stimulus preference assessments for social interaction and evaluated the preference assessment hierarchies by conducting a concurrent-operant reinforcer assessment including all social interactions. The GIF-based preference assessment produced similar hierarchies to the reinforcer assessment for all participants, whereas the picture-based preference assessments produced similar hierarchies to the reinforcer assessment for 2 of 4 subjects. Additionally, we conducted a modality preference assessment in which we evaluated participants' preference for viewing GIFs or pictures of social interactions, and found that 3 out of 4 subjects displayed a preference for GIFs.  相似文献   

    

David A. Wilder  Daniel Cymbal  Jamie Villacorta 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):1170-1176

The Performance Diagnostic Checklist-Human Services (PDC-HS) is an informant-based tool designed to identify the variables contributing to poor employee performance in human service settings, such as clinics, schools, and residential facilities. Upon completion of the tool, an intervention indicated by PDC-HS results is used to improve employee performance. To date, the PDC-HS has been used in a number of studies. This review describes the existing research on the PDC-HS and provides suggestions for future research.  相似文献   

    

Lauren K. Schnell  Jason C. Vladescu  April N. Kisamore  Ruth M. DeBar  SungWoo Kahng  Kathleen Marano 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):1111-1129

Few studies have evaluated the use of assessment to identify the most efficient instructional practices for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This is problematic as these individuals often have difficulty acquiring skills, and the procedures that may be efficient with one individual may not be for others. The experimenters conducted instructional assessments to identify the most efficient prompt type (model, partial physical, full physical) and prompt-fading procedure (progressive delay, most-to-least, least-to-most) for teaching auditory–visual conditional discriminations for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Each assessment was conducted at least twice, and a final generality test combined the most and the least efficient prompt type and prompt-fading procedure for teaching novel auditory–visual conditional discriminations. The results demonstrated learner-specific outcomes for the prompt type assessment, whereas the least-to-most prompt fading procedure was most efficient for all participants.  相似文献   

    

Bo Zhang  Mengyang Cao  Louis Tay  Jing Luo  Fritz Drasgow 《Personnel Psychology》2020,73(2):305-332

We conducted two experimental studies with between-subjects and within-subjects designs to investigate the item response process for personality measures administered in high- versus low-stakes situations. Apart from assessing measurement validity of the item response process, we examined predictive validity; that is, whether or not different response models entail differential selection outcomes. We found that ideal point response models fit slightly better than dominance response models across high- versus low-stakes situations in both studies. Additionally, fitting ideal point models to the data led to fewer items displaying differential item functioning compared to fitting dominance models. We also identified several items that functioned as intermediate items in both the faking and honest conditions when ideal point models were fitted, suggesting that ideal point model is “theoretically” more suitable across these contexts for personality inventories. However, the use of different response models (dominance vs. ideal point) did not have any substantial impact on the validity of personality measures in high-stakes situations, or the effectiveness of selection decisions such as mean performance or percent of fakers selected. These findings are significant in that although prior research supports the importance and use of ideal point models for measuring personality, we find that in the case of personality faking, though ideal point models seem to have slightly better measurement validity, the use of dominance models may be adequate with no loss to predictive validity.  相似文献