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91.
Much research has demonstrated that speeding is the most common offense among car drivers. However, few studies have focused on this offense among drivers of large trucks. This paper investigates the factors that lead to speeding offenses for drivers of large trucks in Taiwan. The study sample consisted of information for 2101 male large-truck drivers from a national survey in 2012. The results revealed that drivers’ daily working hours ranged from 2 to 15 h with a mean of 9.67 h, and that they worked for approximately 25.23 days – and rested only 4.77 days – per month. Among these observed drivers, 11.6% reported having at least one speeding offense over a one-year period. The results of a logistic regression model presented that the factors that influenced speeding offense were not related to job experience. Rather, the driver’s demographics (age and education), mental condition (sleep quality), and driving status (yearly distance driven and driving late at night) were significantly linked to speeding offenses. 相似文献
92.
The human attention system is limited in capacity, and when performing two concurrent tasks there is competition for cognitive resources. This is particularly important in dangerous scenarios, such as driving on sharp curves where deficits in performance can be caused by various sources of distraction, including the presence of a passenger in the vehicle. In the present study, a dual-task paradigm was employed to examine the nature of attentional limits while operating a driving simulator in the presence of a passenger. The primary driving task had two levels of difficulty and event-related potentials (ERP) were collected from a secondary auditory task. In addition to several driving performance measures, our main ERP of interest was the P300. In dual-task studies, increases in primary task difficulty have been shown to reduce the amplitude of the P300 elicited by a secondary task. This presumably occurs because attentional resources initially dedicated to the secondary task are consumed by the primary task. The present results showed that compared to driving solo, the presence of a passenger was associated with a decrease in P300 amplitude in the more difficult driving conditions. These results suggest that in-car passengers may consume valuable resources in difficult driving situations that require more attentional focus in the first place. 相似文献
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94.
The aim of the present study is to develop a driving context specific impulsivity scale. First, a qualitative study was conducted by interviewing 20 individual drivers to develop the scale items based on the definitions of the basic impulsivity dimensions in the literature. Then, a quantitative study with a total of 506 individual drivers to examine the psychometric qualities of the newly developed Impulsive Driver Behavior Scale. In addition, the variance in driver behaviors, namely violations, errors, lapses and positive driver behaviors measured by the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ; Reason, Manstead, Stradling, Baxter, & Campbell, 1990) explained by the general impulsivity scales in the literature and the newly developed scale were compared. In all the comparisons, Impulsive Driver Behavior Scale explained higher amount of variance than the general impulsivity scales. Finally, it was found that the newly developed driving context specific impulsivity scale had incremental validity over the general impulsivity scales in predicting driver behaviors. 相似文献
95.
Within the context of more and more autonomous vehicles, an automatic lateral control device (AS: Automatic Steering) was used to steer the vehicle along the road without drivers’ intervention. The device was not able to detect and avoid obstacles. The experiment aimed to analyse unexpected obstacle avoidance manoeuvres when lateral control was delegated to automation. It was hypothesized that drivers skirting behaviours and eye movement patterns would be modified with automated steering compared with a control situation without automation. Eighteen participants took part in a driving simulator study. Steering behaviours and eye movements were analysed during obstacle avoidance episodes. Compared with driving without automation, skirting around obstacles was found to be less effective when drivers had to return from automatic steering to manual control. Eye movements were modified in the presence of automatic steering, revealing further ahead visual scanning of the driving environment. Resuming manual control is not only a problem of action performance but is also related to the reorganisation of drivers’ visual strategies linked to drivers’ disengagement from the steering task. Assistance designers should pay particular attention to potential changes in drivers’ activity when carrying out development work on highly automated vehicles. 相似文献
96.
It is commonly accepted that vision plays an important role in car braking, but it is unknown how people brake in the absence of visual information. In this simulator study, we measured drivers’ braking behaviour while they had to stop their car at designated positions on the road. The access to visual information was manipulated by occluding the screen at the start of half of the braking trials, while the temporal demand was manipulated by varying the time-to-arrival (TTA). Results showed that for the longer TTA values (⩾6 s), participants in the occlusion condition stopped too early and at variable positions on the road as compared to the control condition. In the occlusion condition, participants were likely to apply an intermediate brake pedal depression, whereas in the control condition participants more often applied low or high pedal depressions. The results are interpreted in light of a distance estimation test, in which we found that participants underestimated the actual distance by 70%. 相似文献
97.
Driving around bends at high speeds is a task performed by many on a daily basis but the underlying mechanisms of steering control remain largely unknown. Previous research has shown that when steering, gaze direction can be a critical component of success. However, with increased use of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS), there is growing competition over the same resources that are needed to steer (gaze as well as associated attentional resources). Although it can be argued that locomotor steering is an automatic task that can be performed without recourse to conscious “cognitive” control, much simpler locomotor-related tasks, such as judging one’s heading, have been shown to be affected by concurrent attentional tasks (Wann, Swapp, & Rushton, 2000). Here we examined whether an attentional task placed at an offset fixation point influenced concurrent steering performance along a computer simulated road. The experiments either used gaze-fixation points that had similar properties to real-world road signs (i.e. moved relative to the vehicle) or were more akin to IVIS (i.e. fixed to the vehicle). Results showed that gaze fixation eccentric to future path caused systematic steering biases. The degree or type of cognitive load did not change the degree of steering bias, but there was some evidence of decreased lane variability when viewing the IVIS-type displays. No differences in steering performance were found between the different types of cognitive task. We conclude that where you look is critical for safe driving, and IVIS-type displays might make drivers more susceptible to cognitive interference. 相似文献
98.
Anger and aggression on the road may sometimes appear unprovoked and unrelated to current driving circumstances. It is unclear whether such anger and aggression arises because of events prior to those circumstances in which anger is experienced and aggression is exhibited. In this study, time pressure and enforced following of a slowly moving vehicle were used to increase drivers’ anger in order to assess whether affect and behaviour during a subsequent, non-provocative, drive would change accordingly. Ninety-six drivers drove twice in a simulated urban environment. During the first drive, oncoming traffic and a slowly moving lead vehicle required that half of the drivers travelled far slower than they would choose. During the second drive, drivers again followed slower vehicles and were required to respond to traffic events not encountered in the manipulation drive. Mood (Profile of Mood States) was assessed before and after each drive, and anger evaluations, arousal (heart rate) and behaviour (speed, lane position and collisions) were measured during drives. Anger increased and both mood and driving behaviour deteriorated in drivers exposed to slower lead vehicles, compared with control group drivers. These behavioural differences of speed and lane positioning carried over into the subsequent drive even to driving situations unlike those where provocation had previously occurred. Drivers who had previously been impeded later approached hazards with less caution, and attempted more dangerous overtaking manoeuvres. It is concluded that sometimes dangerous driving may result from anger provoked by circumstances other than those in which the behaviour is exhibited. 相似文献
99.
This study examined whether pilots operating a flight simulator completed digital or paper flight checklists more accurately after receiving postflight graphic and verbal feedback. The dependent variable was the number of checklist items completed correctly per flight. Following treatment, checklist completion with paper and digital checklists increased from 38% and 39%, respectively, to nearly 100% and remained close to 100% after feedback and praise for improvement were withdrawn. Performance was maintained at or near 100% during follow-up probes. 相似文献
100.
Jonathan Borgvall 《Military psychology》2013,25(3):244-251
Incorporated in a simulator design project, this study assessed the utility of a simulator prototype for air combat training to optimize continued development. After several scenarios, the 13 male participants completed a survey. Seven fidelity levels: visual feedback, head-up/head-down, instrumentation, flight controls, graphics, visual resolution, and field-of-view were rated for three dimensions: realism, limitation of performance, and importance of realism. The results informed decisions about which fidelity levels, head-up/head-down and field-of-view, that should be prioritized during the next design cycle, and generated recommendations for continued simulator design and directives for further evaluations. 相似文献