《中小学生注意力测验》全国常模制定报告

《中小学生注意力测验》在全国范围对约２０００名被试试测后,本研究对所获数据进行了初步分析,得到：（１）各变量原始数据的均数和标准差;（２）对各变量进行因素分析的结果表明：可以认为该测验测出注意的稳定性、广度、转移、持续性和集中性;（３）各变量原始数据有显著年龄差异,但无性别差异。（４）信效度检验结果基本符合心理测量学要求。（５）制定了全国常模。     

A COMPARISON OF REINFORCER ASSESSMENT METHODS: THE UTILITY OF VERBAL AND PICTORIAL CHOICE PROCEDURES

We compared three methods of stimulus preference assessment for verbal children and specifically evaluated the utility of a verbal choice procedure for assessing relative reinforcer value. Using a token system, relative preference for five categories of reinforcers, representing 15 different stimuli, was assessed by three methods: a reinforcer survey, a verbal stimulus-choice questionnaire, and a pictorial stimulus-choice procedure. Results showed that the verbal and pictorial stimulus-choice assessments accurately identified high- and low-preference categories for 3 of 4 participants. Survey results alone often rated multiple categories as high preference, were less likely to identify low-preference categories, and were less likely to correspond with the results of a reinforcer assessment.     

Effects of spatial rearrangement of object components on picture recognition in pigeons.

Five pigeons were first trained to discriminate among line drawings of four objects: a watering can, an iron, a desk lamp, and a sailboat. The birds were then tested with eight versions of each object, in which the object's components were vertically and horizontally rearranged. The pigeons displayed different degrees of generalization decrement to the different scrambled versions of the objects. Two analyses helped to clarify the nature of the varied accuracy scores. First, cluster analyses disclosed subsets of components that were related to test performance. Second, although the clusters varied somewhat across birds for a given object, there was reliable concordance among the subjects in their rankings of the individual scramblings, suggesting that the pigeons may have attended to common aspects of the drawings.     

The predictive validity of nonverbal communicative skills in infants with perinatal hazards

This study investigated the predictive validity to 5 years of age of nonverbal communicative skills administered at 13 months. Subjects (N = 103) were Norwegian infants with birthweight below 1501 gms. The predictors included infant competence assessed by the Early Social-Communication Scales (ESCS). Cognitive competence at 2 years was measured by the Bayley Mental Development Scale, and at 3 and 5 years by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:FE). Language competence at 2 and 3 years was assessed by the Reynell Developmental Language Scales, and at 5 years by a verbal comprehension factor derived from the SB:FE. Partial correlations and multiple regression analyses suggest that the infants' initiation of communication was related to cognitive ability and language skills up to 5 years of age. In particular, joint attention was the most consistent predictor of the subsequent competencies. The Bayley cognitive index was overruled as a predictor when used in combination with initiation of joint attention.     

Physiological arousal and attention in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Psychophysiological reactivity has been well documented in WWII, Korean Conflict, and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, these individuals have demonstrated cognitive impairments within the domains of attention, concentration, new learning, and memory. However, there has been no research examining the impact of physiological arousal on attention in individuals with PTSD. This study documents the level of physiological arousal and associated disruption of attentional abilities in 28 Persian Gulf War veterans (18 without PTSD or other psychopathology and 10 with PTSD). This population represents a group of combat trauma victims who experienced a relatively acute onset of PTSD, thus providing a unique opportunity to compare prior psychophysiological and cognitive results with a group of veterans who manifested a recent onset of PTSD. Results indicated relatively comparable psychophysiological reactivity and arousal between Persian Gulf War veterans with PTSD and Persian Gulf War veterans without PTSD. Furthermore, attentional processes of veterans with PTSD were not more disrupted than in comparison soldiers. Results suggest that the intensity and chronicity of the disorder may impact physiological arousal and disruption of cognitive functioning. Following Persian Gulf War veterans with PTSD over time may reveal that psychophysiological arousal becomes more pronounced with chronicity, perhaps as memory networks become strengthened and/or neuroendocrine systems become increasingly disrupted.     

注意对半视野识别汉字的影响

用视觉外周呈现光点以控制注意的方法,对识别具体和抽象性汉字的脑功能偏侧化进行了研究。注意线索与刺激字在同侧视野呈现的间隔时间（ＳＯＡ）分为０、２９和５７ｍｓ。结果表明,具体性字在三种ＳＯＡ都表现出右视野左半球优势;而抽象性字在０ｍｓ两视野的识别成绩一样好。因此在偏侧视野识别汉字词中注意和脑结构因素似乎起着综合作用。     

The initial sketch and the growth of a creative network of enterprises in early adulthood: George Bernard shaw

Research in the evolving systems approach (see Gruber and Davis, 1988; Wallace and Gruber, 1989) shows that creative people at some time early in their careers construct an initial sketch that stimulates and guides further development of their ideas. This case study of Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) will describe this aspect of his early development: finding a sense of direction, or charting the creative life, by means of an initial sketch. It will also examine the role of a network of enterprises in the organization of a creative life. In Shaw's case, an initial sketch provides content for the creative process; a network of enterprises organizes the process. Incubation will be described as a period of inaction on one enterprise of the creative system while a different (sometimes similar) enterprise is being developed.     

城市老年人社会支持网络与生活满意度的研究

本研究采用自编的社会支持网络调查表对上海市96位老人进行了调查，试图了解城市老年人社会支持的基本情况及其对生活满意度的影响。结果表明：（1）城市老年人社会支持网络得分为85．87±8．56（x±s）；（2）社会支持网络得分与生活满意度之间存在极其显著的正相关；（3）在各因素水平中，社会机构的支持对老年人生活满意度的影响最大，子女支持的影响次之，配偶支持的影响最小；情感支持的影响作用大于认知支持和行为支持。     

Visual search at different spatial scales

Treisman and Gelade's (1980) feature-integration model claims that the search for separate ("primitive") stimulus features is parallel, but that the conjunctions of those features require serial scan. Recently, evidence has accumulated that parallel processing is not limited to these "primitive" stimulus features, but that combinations of features can also produce parallel search. In the experiments reported here, the processing of feature conjunctions was studied when the stimulus features of a combination were at different spatial scales. The patterns in the search array were composed of three cross-shaped or T-shaped (local) elements, which formed an oblique bar (the global pattern) 45 deg or 135 deg in orientation. When the target and distractors differed from each other at one spatial scale only (either in the bar orientation or in the shape of the local elements), target detection was independent of the number of distractors, i.e., the search was parallel. In the conjunction task, in which the target and distractors were defined as the combinations of the bar orientation and the element shape, i.e., both spatial scales were relevant, the detection of the target required slow serial scrutiny of the search array. It is possible that the conjunction search could not be performed in parallel because switches between the two scales (or spatial frequency channels) are linked to attention and the task required the use of both scales in order to find the target.     

THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF TEACHER AND PEER ATTENTION ON THE DISRUPTIVE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR OF THREE CHILDREN WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

We conducted functional analyses of classroom disruption during contingent teacher and peer attention conditions for 3 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention provided by peer confederates appeared to function as a distinct form of positive reinforcement for all 3 children.