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181.
《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2017,108(4):757-782
Human babies not only are reliable triggers of tender feelings and protective tendencies, they also happen to be exceptionally fat compared to the newborns of most other species. These two facts are used to formulate a hypothesis predicting that overweight males, due to their great physical resemblance to babies, not only are perceived as cute, but also are associated with negatively evaluated traits (e.g., immaturity, lack of willpower) that are saliently inconsistent with traits required for adults. In this study, a great many physical features of adult males varying widely in weight were measured and correlated with subjective judgements. Providing preliminary support for the hypothesis, it was found that the features that were correlated with objective and perceived fatness (e.g., circularity of body parts, relatively large head, short and thick neck) also correlated with perceived babyishness. Perceived fatness and babyishness had curvilinear influences on the positive and prosocial appraisal of cuteness, but were primarily negatively related to perceived willpower and beauty. Results are used to formulate an alternative evolutionary perspective on social responses to overweight and obese individuals, emphasizing the uniquely human adaptive value of fatness and the misfiring of the underlying response mechanism under modern conditions of living. 相似文献
182.
Use of human-given cues by domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and horses (Equus caballus) 总被引:11,自引:11,他引:0
Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and four horses (Equus caballus) were tested for their ability to use human-given manual and facial cues in an object-choice task. Two of the four horses
used touch as a cue and one horse successfully used pointing. The performance of the dogs was considerably better, with 12
subjects able to use pointing as a cue, 4 able to use head orientation and 2 able to use eye gaze alone. Group analysis showed
that the dogs performed significantly better in all experimental conditions than during control trials. Dogs were able to
use pointing cues even when the cuer’s body was closer to the incorrect object. Working gundogs with specialised training
used pointing more successfully than pet dogs and gundog breeds performed better than non-gundog breeds. The results of this
experiment suggest that animals’ use of human given communicative signals depends on cognitive ability, the evolutionary consequences
of domestication and enculturation by humans within the individual’s lifetime.
Received: 15 July 1999 / Accepted after revision: 10 January 2000 相似文献
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Solving a map task requires transferring information acquired in one spatial context to another context, an ability that marks an important step in cognitive development. This study investigated how preschoolers’ mapping performance was affected by the extent of similarity between spaces. Whereas prior work examined effects of similarity in tasks involving matching individual objects, our tasks required considering spatial relations among objects. We found that the accuracy of mapping between two spaces with somewhat different perceptual features was higher than the accuracy of mapping between spaces with identical features. Yet, a further increase in differences between the two spaces had a detrimental effect on mapping. The results suggest that some degree of similarity between spaces is beneficial to children’s ability to transfer relational information. However, when the spaces have the same surface features, it may draw children’s attention to individual objects and inhibit their ability to focus on common relations across contexts. 相似文献
185.
It has been proposed that abusive parents and parents at high risk for child physical abuse could be more likely to view children's behavior as being motivated by hostile intent [e.g., Milner, 1993], as compared to nonabusive and low‐risk parents. This kind of misattribution of other's behavior may inhibit empathic emotion, and therefore, could block the inhibiting effect of a victim's pain cues on aggression [Baron, 1979]. An experiment was designed to analyze the moderating effect of an adult victim's intent on aggression in high‐ and low‐risk participants for child physical abuse. A 2 × 2 factorial design based upon two levels of the participant's risk status (high, low) and two levels of victim's intent (positive, ambiguous) was employed. All participants observed an adult victim's pain cues. Ninety‐five (48 high and 47 low risk for child physical abuse) undergraduate females enrolled in courses at the University of the Basque Country participated in the experiment. The main effects of victims' intent and of participants' risk status were statistically significant. Participants in the ambiguous victim's intent condition aggressed significantly more than participants in the positive victim's intent condition. Moreover, high‐risk participants aggressed more than low‐risk participants regardless of the victim's intent. A significant interaction between risk status and victim's intent was expected. High‐risk subjects for child physical abuse were expected to aggress more than low‐risk subjects only in the ambiguous victim's intent condition. However, results did not support this hypothesis. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–12, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
186.
C J Burlile M L Feldman C Craig J M Harrison 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1985,43(3):315-319
In auditory localization experiments, where the subject observes from a fixed position, both relative sound intensity and arrival time at the two ears determine the extent of localization performance. The present experiment investigated the role of binaural cues in a different context, the sound-position discrimination task, where the subject is free to move and interact with the sound source. The role of binaural cues was investigated in rats by producing an interaural imbalance through unilateral removal of the middle auditory ossicle (incus) prior to discrimination training. Discrete trial go-right/go-left sound-position discrimination of unilaterally incudectomised rats was then compared with that of normal rats and of rats with the incus of both sides removed. While bilateral incus removal affected binaural intensity and arrival times, the symmetry of sound input between the two ears was preserved. Percentage of correct responses and videotaped observations of sound approach and exploration showed that the unilateral rats failed to localize the sounding speaker. Rats with symmetrical binaural input (normal and bilaterally incudectomised rats) accurately discriminated sound position for the duration of the experiment. Previously reported monaural localization based upon following the intensity gradient to the sound source was not observed in the unilaterally incudectomised rats of the present experiment. It is concluded that sound-position discrimination depends upon the use of binaural cues. 相似文献
187.
This project examined the roles of idiothetic cues due to individuals’ movement and allothetic cues independent of individuals’ movement in individuals’ estimations of their position and heading during locomotion. In an immersive virtual environment, participants learned the locations of five objects and then moved along two legs of a path before positioning the origin and the objects. Participants’ estimations of their test position and their test heading were calculated based on the responded objects’ locations, using a method of dissociating position estimation and heading estimation developed in this project. Results showed that when a conflicting visual orientation cue was presented after walking, participants relied on the allothetic cues (i.e., the visual orientation cue) for their heading estimation, but on idiothetic cues for their position estimation. These results indicate that after participants updated their position in terms the origin of the path (homing vector) via path integration, they estimated their heading. These results are inconsistent with the theoretical models stipulating that homing vectors are specified in terms of participants’ body coordinate systems, but are consistent with the models stipulating that both homing vectors and participants’ heading are specified in terms of a fixed reference direction in the environment. 相似文献
188.
以往研究表明, 预期机制和注意机制都能促进感知行为, 但两者以何种方式共同作用于感知行为仍然存在争议, 特别是, 对于预期主体在其中的作用尚不清楚。本研究采用空间提示以及视觉搜索相结合的范式, 通过4个实验, 考察了当被试对目标进行预期以及对分心物进行预期时, 空间预期对空间注意效应的不同影响。结果显示:(1)当目标为预期主体时, 预期对注意效应具有调节作用; (2)当分心物为预期主体时, 预期与注意的作用独立; (3)当目标为预期主体时, 通过刺激数增加而导致的任务难度变化不影响预期和注意之间的关系。这表明, 空间预期是否影响空间注意效应受制于预期主体——当预期主体为目标时, 预期和注意两者交互式地影响感知行为; 当预期主体为分心物时, 预期和注意独立地影响感知行为; 而且, 预期和注意之间的关系不受任务难度影响。 相似文献
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