Mere physical distance and integrative agreements: When more space improves negotiation outcomes

We examined the effects of negotiating non-face-to-face with someone that is physically nearby versus faraway on integrative (mutually beneficial) agreements. Across Studies 1 and 2, we found that individuals who negotiated with another person that they believed was physically faraway (several thousand feet away) rather than nearby (a few feet away) attained more integrative agreements (higher joint outcome, more Pareto efficient agreements). In Study 3, we found that the effect of different magnitudes of physical distance between negotiators on integrative agreements depended on negotiators' construal level: individuals who negotiated with another person who was purportedly farther away achieved more integrative agreements when their level of construal was not constrained, but had no effect when they adopted a high-level of construal. The implications for non-face-to-face communication are discussed.     

Fondness makes the distance grow shorter: Desired locations seem closer because they seem more vivid

Do appealing locations seem nearer than unappealing locations merely because they are more desirable? We examine the possibility that people represent desirable locations as nearer than equidistant undesirable locations. In three studies, participants represented a variety of locations on a university campus (Study 1) and in the greater New York City area (Studies 2 and 3) as nearer the more positive they felt about those locations. The relationship between positivity and closeness was mediated by the tendency for participants to generate particularly vivid representations of the locations when they evaluated them more positively (Studies 2 and 3). We discuss the theoretical implications of these results for mental construal, motivated perception, and metacognition.     

绿色消费情境下消费者为什么会言行不一?

绿色消费情境下的态度-行为差异表现为个体对绿色产品所持态度与实际购买行为之间的不一致性。在可持续发展成为消费趋势之一的今天对该问题的研究具有重要意义。研究梳理了绿色消费行为中态度-行为差异的基本解释机制, 在此基础上系统总结了自2010年以来个体心理层面的实证研究, 并将营销与社会规范方面的相关研究成果与其进行整合。结合国内的研究现状, 未来的研究需要在测量方法、与其他经济变量之间的关系、动机性因素、学习与信任机制、跨文化研究等方面做进一步深入探讨。     

散文学习过程中自我解释的实验研究

自我解释已经为许多研究所证实,但是多数研究使用的都是自然学科的内容作为实验材料,探讨散文学习过程中自我解释的研究较少.因此,本研究引入组别变量,自我解释对散文学习的影响.结果发现:(1)自我解释对散文学习产生了影响,对散文的阅读理解具有促进作用;(2)自我解释对散文学习产生影响机制可能是认知缺口填补和心理模型修正(3)自我解释是可以学习和迁移的,并且其中提供的反馈有助于提升自我解释的准确性.     

经验决策：概念、研究和展望

传统风险决策研究范式中, 决策信息是事先限定的, 即在决策之前呈现各个决策选项的概率和收益, 被试基于这些信息进行决策。已有研究表明, 在传统风险决策任务中人们会高估小概率事件(rare event)。然而最近出现的一种基于不完整信息的决策形式, 即经验决策却对这一发现提出了挑战。研究发现, 人们在进行经验决策时会表现出对小概率事件的低估, 经验决策和传统决策形式之间存在差异。本文主要介绍经验决策的概念及其研究, 并从学习和不确定程度等角度对两种决策形式进行再认识, 以进一步理解经验决策并提出展望。     

Typical and atypical development of basic numerical skills in elementary school

Deficits in basic numerical processing have been identified as a central and potentially causal problem in developmental dyscalculia; however, so far not much is known about the typical and atypical development of such skills. This study assessed basic number skills cross-sectionally in 262 typically developing and 51 dyscalculic children in Grades 2, 3, and 4. Findings indicate that the efficiency of number processing improves over time and that dyscalculic children are generally less efficient than children with typical development. For children with typical arithmetic development, robust effects of numerical distance, size congruity, and compatibility of ten and unit digits in two-digit numbers could be identified as early as the end of Grade 2. Only the distance effect for comparing symbolic representations of numerosities changed developmentally. Dyscalculic children did not show a size congruity effect but showed a more marked compatibility effect for two-digit numbers. We did not find strong evidence that dyscalculic children process numbers qualitatively differently from children with typical arithmetic development.     

Infants' fast saccades in the gap paradigm and development of visual attention

The saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in the overlap, no-overlap, and gap conditions of 2.5- to 12-month-old infants and adults were measured. In the overlap condition, the SRTs of younger infants were over 600 ms longer than those of older infants, whereas the SRTs in the gap condition of the younger infants were 300–350 ms, much faster than reported hitherto, and were shortened only by about 100 ms. The results indicate that the oculo-motor system and attention process for disengagement in the gap condition mature earlier than the attention process for disengagement in the overlap condition.     

Naming and Diagonalization, from Cantor to Godel to Kleene

We trace self-reference phenomena to the possibility of namingfunctions by names that belong to the domain over which thefunctions are defined. A naming system is a structure of theform (D, type( ),{ }), where D is a non-empty set; for everya D, which is a name of a k-ary function, {a}: D^k D is thefunction named by a, and type(a) is the type of a, which tellsus if a is a name and, if it is, the arity of the named function.Under quite general conditions we get a fixed point theorem,whose special cases include the fixed point theorem underlyingGödel's proof, Kleene's recursion theorem and many othertheorems of this nature, including the solution to simultaneousfixed point equations. Partial functions are accommodated byincluding "undefined" values; we investigate different systemsarising out of different ways of dealing with them. Many-sortednaming systems are suggested as a natural approach to generalcomputatability with many data types over arbitrary structures.The first part of the paper is a historical reconstruction ofthe way Gödel probably derived his proof from Cantor'sdiagonalization, through the semantic version of Richard. Theincompleteness proof–including the fixed point construction–resultfrom a natural line of thought, thereby dispelling the appearanceof a "magic trick". The analysis goes on to show how Kleene'srecursion theorem is obtained along the same lines.     

服务质量差异模型及应用

服务是市场营销的重要因素。服务质量差异模型认为现实的服务、感受到的服务和期望的服务之间存在差异。消费者评价服务质量,有两种标准,一种是期望标准,一种是最低可接受标准,二者之差形成可接受区间。以该模型为指导的Servqual量表在服务质量研究领域得到了广泛的应用。