Visual awareness judgments are sensitive to accuracy feedback in stimulus discrimination tasks

In this study we tested the hypothesis that perceptual awareness judgments are sensitive to accuracy feedback about the previous action. We used a perceptual discrimination task in which participants reported their stimulus awareness. We created two conditions: No-feedback and Feedback (discrimination accuracy feedback was provided at the end of each trial). The results showed that visual awareness judgments are related to the accuracy of current and previous responses. Participants reported lower stimulus awareness for incorrectly versus correctly discriminated stimuli in both conditions; they also reported lower stimulus awareness in trials preceded by incorrect discrimination responses, compared to trials preceded by correct discrimination responses. This difference was significantly stronger in the Feedback condition, in which we also observed post-error slowing for PAS ratings. We discuss the relation between visual awareness and the effects of performance monitoring and interpret the results in the context of current theories of consciousness.     

结合选择题与主观题信息的两阶段作弊甄别方法

为提高对高分作弊者和低抄袭比例作弊者的检验力,模拟600名考生的作答,设置3种抄袭比例（60%,80%和100%）和3种抄袭源能力（能力百分等级为60%,80%和100%）,设计两阶段作弊甄别法,第一阶段使用lz指数筛选个人拟合差的异常考生,第二阶段针对这些异常考生使用ω指数进行精确甄别。结果表明该法对高分作弊者和低抄袭比例作弊者的检验力优于仅使用答案抄袭检测法。     

基于多维题组反应模型的项目功能差异检验探究

本文将多维题组反应模型（MTRM）应用到多维题组测验的项目功能差异（DIF）检验中,通过模拟研究和应用研究探究MTRM在DIF检验中的准确性、有效性和影响因素,并与忽略题组效应的多维随机系数多项Logistic模型（MRCMLM）进行对比。结果表明：（1）随着样本量的增大,MTRM对有效DIF值检出率增高,错误率降低,在不同条件下结果的稳定性更高;（2）与MRCMLM相比,基于MTRM的DIF检验模型检验率更高,受到其他因素的影响更小;（3）当测验中题组效应较小时,MTRM与MRCMLM结果差异较小,但是MTRM模型拟合度更高。     

A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach

The present experiment investigated to what extent providing participants with a model statement influences the ability of the verifiability approach to detect deception. Participants gave a true and false statement about a negative autobiographical event, with half of the participants receiving a detailed model statement just before giving their statement. We expected false statements to include more nonverifiable and less verifiable details than true statements and that providing a model statement would increase these differences. False statements indeed included more nonverifiable details than truthful statements but did not differ in the number of verifiable details. True statements included a higher ratio of verifiable details. The model statement encouraged participants to give a longer and more detailed statement. However, it prompted participants to increase the number of included verifiable—and not nonverifiable—details, regardless of veracity. Using a model statement did not influence the discriminability of the verifiability approach.     

Image Manipulation as Research Misconduct

A growing number of research misconduct cases handled by the Office of Research Integrity involve image manipulations. Manipulations may include simple image enhancements, misrepresenting an image as something different from what it is, and altering specific features of an image. Through a study of specific cases, the misconduct findings associated with image manipulation, detection methods and those likely to identify such manipulations, are discussed. This article explores sanctions imposed against guilty researchers and the factors that resulted in no misconduct finding although relevant images clearly were flawed. Although new detection tools are available for universities and journals to detect questionable images, this article explores why these tools have not been embraced.

The role of color in human face detection

Significant advances have been made in understanding human face recognition . However, a fundamental aspect of this process, how faces are located in our visual environment, is poorly understood and little studied. Here we examine the role of color in human face detection. We demonstrate that detection performance declines when color information is removed from faces, regardless of whether the surrounding scene context is rendered in color. Furthermore, faces rendered in unnatural colors are hard to detect, suggesting a role beyond simple segmentation. When faces are presented such that half the surface is colored appropriately, and half unnaturally, performance declines. This suggests that observers are not simply using the presence of skin color "patches" to detect faces. Rather, our data suggest that detection operates via a face template combining diagnostic color and face-shape information. These findings are consistent with color-template approaches used in some computer-based face detection systems.     

某院3年医院感染患者细菌分离及耐药性分析

应用WHONET5．3软件对2005年1月至2007年12月检出的1749株病原菌种类、分布及其耐药性进行统计分析。结果发现院内感染病原菌以条件致病菌为主,革兰阴性菌检出率61．8％,革兰阳性菌的检出率33％,真菌检出率为5．2％。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌属的ESBLs阳性率分别为34．4％和48．9％,MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为40．8％和36．4％。大多数病原菌对抗生素产生多重耐药性。由此可见,由于临床抗生素的广泛使用,病原菌不断变迁且其耐药性逐渐上升,应加强耐药性监测及合理使用抗生素,以有效控制细菌感染和耐药性播散。     

基于时空变化的步态识别算法研究

本文提出了一种八椭圆人体模型,并在此基础上提出了基于变化信息的步态识别算法。对每个视频序列,采用基于贝叶斯规则的检测算法检测出目标人体区域;将目标人体区域按比例划分为八个区域并分别用椭圆拟合,建立人体椭圆模型;用人体姿势的时空变化——相邻帧间的模型参数的差值作为特征,用归一化后的Mahalanobis距离和Euclidean距离分别进行相似性度量,NN和KNN技术用于最终的分类。实验结果表明,该算法拥有较高的识别率和较低的计算代价。     

情绪影响认知加工策略内隐机制的实验研究

大量研究表明情绪可以影响加工策略：积极情绪与简单的启发式加工相联系,而消极情绪与系统的精细加工相联系。本研究运用信号检测论的方法,将被试的判定标准与加工能力分离开来,结果发现,虽然对两组被试（积极情绪组、消极情绪组）的回忆任务均提出相同的明确要求,但积极情绪组仍然运用了较为宽松的判定标准,反映了情绪对认知加工策略的无意识影响。另外,d＇值在两组间没有差异表明积极情绪组并不缺少加工能力。在此基础上,认为应该放弃从能力的角度看待情绪与加工方式之间的关系,注重研究情绪与具体加工特点之间的关系。     

Rod Cocking's legacy: The development of psychological distancing

Thirty years of work on psychological distancing is discussed in this article. The psychological construct of psychological distance was applied to the development of children's developing representational abilities over 30 years ago [Sigel, I. E. (1970). The distancing hypothesis: A causal hypothesis for the acquisition of representational thought. In: M. R. Jones (Ed.), Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior, 1968: Effect of early experiences (pp. 99–118). Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press]. The construct has changed knowledge in three areas: (1) changes in the child's developmental status as a result of reflection on general properties of interactions with the world as well as maturation, (2) the effects of different modes of formal instruction in schooling on the development of children's thinking, and (3) the relationship of one's beliefs about how development occurs to behaviors with children that create “distancing experiences” for children. The distancing construct itself has been broadened further as the notion of psychological distance has been applied to areas as diverse as delay of gratification, divorce, video game play, and resolution of interpersonal conflicts [Cocking, R. R., & Renninger, K. A. (Eds.) (1993). The development and meaning of psychological distance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum]. The distancing construct was evident in Rod Cocking's own program of psychological inquiry. However, much of his legacy to the field lies in his Educational Testing Service (ETS) work that extended the usefulness of this construct for other researchers working in a variety of domains of development and in his ability to see the implications of research from this perspective for the lives of children.