汉语惯用语的产生机制

惯用语是固定表达的一种。非构造观点认为, 惯用语已经词汇化, 惯用语理解是提取过程; 构造观点认为, 惯用语意义是建构的, 成分的字面意义对惯用语理解起重要作用。混合模型认为, 惯用语既有整体表征, 又有成分单词表征, 二者都可以成为表征和通达的单元。通过三个实验, 考察了汉语惯用语的产生机制。实验1考察在惯用语产生中是否存在整体表征和成分表征; 实验2考察在惯用语产生中是否存在从成分单词或成分词素表征到整体表征的激活; 实验3考察在惯用语产生中是否存在从整体表征到成分单词或成分词素的激活。结果表明: (1) 汉语惯用语属于混合表征, 既有整体表征, 又有成分单词、成分词素表征; (2)成分词素表征是惯用语整体表征和成分单词表征联结的桥梁; (3) 语义可分性影响惯用语表征。     

Wittgenstein and the discursive analysis of emotion

This paper explores the implications of Wittgenstein's analysis of language, emotion and expression for contemporary theory and research on emotion. According to Wittgenstein, emotional expressions operate as public manifestations of emotional experience. As a result, it is meaningful to say third-person observers can “know” another's emotional experience. Building upon these ideas, a discursive approach to the analysis of emotional states is proposed. Everyday emotion words specify the public criteria that people use to “read experience off” another's emotional expressions. The identification of emotion proceeds through a dialectical process involving judgment and reflection. Observers (a) use everyday emotion words to make intuitive, pre-reflective classification of another's emotional experience; (b) reflect upon and make explicit the public criteria that mediate their implicit pre-reflective judgments; and (c) continue the judgment-reflection cycle until the meaning of the other's expressions is exhausted. The discursive approach is illustrated through an analysis of expressed emotion within psychotherapeutic dialogue.     

Pylyshyn的索引理论：视觉表征方式的新解释

视觉索引理论是解释人类表征外部世界的一种新理论。首先回顾了索引理论的产生背景,在此基础上阐述索引理论的基本假设以及在不同范式下如多客体追踪、线条错觉运动、前概念选择和感数与计数分离研究所提供的证据。接着,简介其在特殊教育、人机交互和语言学领域的应用。最后,针对新近研究引发对索引理论基本假设的争论如前注意加工是否涉及注意资源、索引阶段对特征信息和时空信息加工的分离等,提出相关研究建议。     

条件推理和选择任务的关系：选择任务中的条件推理逻辑

要求大学生被试在相同的情境和规则下先后完成选择任务和条件推理任务,从而系统考察两项条件命题任务之间的关系。结果表明,当规则的语义表征意义为条件命题和反条件命题时,两项任务的反应模式具有一致性;当为双向条件和非条件命题时,两项任务的反应模式出现了分歧,而且四种推理形式和四张卡片之间不存在直接的对应关系。两项条件命题任务之间的关系表现在,它们可能享有共同的语义关系表征空间,但推理过程和策略有所不同。     

表象—认知吝啬原则：MHD问题另释

本文首先对MHD问题的研究现状进行了简要回顾,然后对MHD问题中出现的“概率错判”和“选择固着”两种现象给出了一种基于表象—认知吝啬视角的解释。该视角认为,人们无论采用的是顺向表征还是逆向表征,都采用了动态表象表征问题,而依照认知吝啬原则,动态表象要模拟轿车在门1、门2之间以1：2的比率出现的状态很难,却极容易模拟成轿车在门1门2间随机出现的状态;这导致了人们形成“概率错判”;对于“选择固着”问题该视角则认为,它的出现是不变比改变更符合认知吝啬原则的结果。     

复合词在言语产生的词汇通达中的表征

言语产生研究对于复合词的通达形成什么表征存在分歧。是形成整词表征还是分解为词素表征？用整词和词素频率效应考察,荷兰语的结果支持复合词的分离阶段通达模型和相应的分解表征假设,汉语和英语的结果支持复合词的独立网络通达模型和相应的整词表征假设。本文经过文献回顾指出,词汇表征不同于心理词典,语言、加工方式和加工通道都很可能造成复合词表征的差异。     

方向感的加工机制及影响因素

方向感是一种定位当前位置、确定前往目的地的方向及选择相应路线的能力, 与人们的日常生活和国家航空航天事业的发展有着密切联系。方向感的认知加工包括外部信息输入、内部表征建立和信息整合三个过程, 综合方向感的各加工过程的研究结果形成的方向感认知结构模型将有助于研究者全面认识其加工机制。大脑是实现方向感加工的载体, 当前对方向感神经机制的研究主要有正常人的行为实验、脑成像研究以及脑损伤病人研究三方面, 根据这三方面的研究总结得出的神经网络结构清楚地展示了方向感在大脑中的加工过程。方向感的发生和发展受到了先天遗传和后天环境的影响, 因此了解方向感的遗传基础是了解其加工机制的关键之一。遗传影像学近来取得的重大进展推动了基因、大脑和行为研究的结合, 这将是未来方向感加工机制研究的主要方向之一。     

The Flexibility of Gua and Yao—Based on an Interpretation of Yizhuan

In Yizhuan’s interpretation of The Book of Changes, the book’s fundamental concepts, xiang 象 (images) and ci 辞 (words), play different roles. Concepts, including yin and yang, firmness and gentleness, sancai 三才 (three fundamentals), and the wuxing 五行 (five active elements), are used to interpret The Book of Changes through the interpretation of images, while the core Confucian values, such as benevolence and righteousness, are used to interpret The Book of Changes because of their connection with words of gua and yao. In order to expand the meaning of the words of gua and yao, Yizhuan sometimes connects words with images; in other occasions, however, it simply takes these words as independent guides. The Confucian scholars who wrote Yizhuan, therefore, not only revered the classic, but also used it to send their own message. Out of reverence, they “shu 述 (recited)”; in using it, they “zuo 作 (created)”. The combination of recitation and creation made the words of gua and yao very flexible in the process of interpretation, while the interpretation changed the meaning of the classic to a great extent.     

Common Representations of Abstract Quantities

ABSTRACT— Representations of abstract quantities such as time and number are essential for survival. A number of studies have revealed that both humans and nonhuman animals are able to nonverbally estimate time and number; striking similarities in the behavioral data suggest a common magnitude-representation system shared across species. It is unclear, however, whether these representations provide animals with a true concept of time and number, as posited by Gallistel and Gelman (2000) . In this article, we review the prominent cognitive and neurobiological models of timing and counting and explore the current evidence suggesting that nonhuman animals represent these quantities in a modality-independent (i.e., abstract) and ordered manner. Avenues for future research in the area of temporal and mathematical cognition are also discussed.