药物成瘾理论的新进展

成瘾过程伴随着一系列脑机能和心理机能的改变,但对药物滥用如何导致这些改变以及它们如何诱发成瘾却存在着不同的解释。近年来,由于认知心理学和认知神经科学研究技术在该领域的应用,研究者对药物成瘾过程的认知机能及其脑机制获得了新的认识,且基于对负性生活事件及外部压力在维持药物滥用及诱发复吸行为中的作用的测量学研究和动物实验研究而提出的成瘾理论为该领域的研究开辟了新的思路。本文重点评述了药物成瘾的认知加工模型和以压力或负性情绪为核心的相关理论模型及其研究,并提出进一步研究的方向。     

Goodness-of-fit and confidence intervals of approximate models

If the model for the data are strictly speaking incorrect, then how can one test whether the model fits? Standard goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests rely on strictly correct or incorrect models. But in practice the correct model is not assumed to be available. It would still be of interest to determine how good or how bad the approximation is. But how can this be achieved? If it is determined that a model is a good approximation and hence a good explanation of the data, how can reliable confidence intervals be constructed? In this paper, an attempt is made to answer the above questions. Several GOF tests and methods of constructing confidence intervals are evaluated both in a simulation and with real data from the internet-based daily news memory test.     

应用项目反应理论对瑞文测验联合型的分析

使用BILOG-MG3.0软件,边际极大似然估计,3参数Logistic模型对354名不同能力水平的男性青年的瑞文测验联合型数据进行了分析。结果显示:大多数瑞文测验联合型的题目都适合3参数Logistic模型(有6道题不适合)。整个测验的信息函数峰值的位置在难度量表的-3到-2之间,其值为16.82。共有18道题的信息函数峰值在0.2以下。从区分度来看,72道题目的区分度均大于0.5,比较理想。难度参数显示所有题目均较低,绝大部分都在0以下,最高的只有1.01。题目的难度主要由所需的操作水平决定。伪猜测参数在0.07-0.24之间。综合分析表明瑞文测验联合型对正常青年的智力评价精度较差。     

The Comprehensive Resource Model®: Overview of basic affects in adversity & effective treatment for complex reactions to trauma

Much of the theoretical focus in post‐traumatic stress disorder has been on the role of the amygdala, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Crucially, in unresolved traumatic experiences that underlie clinical presentations, this focus misses the brain areas key to the defence responses of fight, flight and freeze—and the associated affects of anger, fear and grief. The periaqueductal gray in the midbrain, with the hypothalamus, is essential for these somatic and emotional responses to traumatic experiences. We argue that when treatment approaches thought to work at the higher brain levels have been ineffective, it is because they have failed to engage the midbrain and hypothalamic sources of the affective responses to the trauma and to the memory of it. Basic affects have been so overwhelming that dissociation, or a similarly protective neurochemical capping mechanism, has prevented full resolution of the affective content of the adversity. Treatment with the Comprehensive Resource Model^® (CRM) aims to clear the clinically relevant residues of adverse experiences by resolving the emotional responses accessed through the body memories. When the trauma has led to overwhelming distress, and/or dissociation, there is a necessity for robust resourcing to be in place before the emotional intensity of that distress is accessed. Resourcing needs to be as proximal to the re‐experience as possible to promote complete resolution and in some psychotherapy modalities, the supports provided are somewhat remote from the crucial moments of processing. Therefore, we describe how the CRM seeks to have robustly resourced states present concurrently with traumatised states to avoid overwhelming emotional distress. This allows safe entry into the deepest pain residual from the traumatic event so that it is not overwhelming during processing of the memory, and does not lead to further dissociation, allowing the individual to remain fully present throughout. This “stepping into the affect” can then be so rapidly effective that we also argue that CRM is not an exposure treatment; re‐orientation to the deepest content of the experience resolves the residual distress quickly and permanently through memory reconsolidation. Re‐learning at upper brain levels will then follow from the revoking of the affective power, which has previously driven stimulus/context and response learning in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.     

Supportive Coparenting,Parenting Stress,Harsh Parenting,and Child Behavior Problems in Nonmarital Families

Supportive coparenting is an identified protective factor for child development and behavioral outcomes. What is less known is how supportive coparenting dynamically links with other aspects of parenting and parent well‐being, particularly in multi‐stressed nonmarital families. This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, analyzed within a structural equation model, to explore how mothers’ experience of maternal depression, maternal age, father education, and SES interacted with their parenting stress and supportive coparenting to impact child behavioral problems and harsh parenting practices. Among the findings, more supportive coparenting was found to be significantly associated with fewer child behavioral problems and less harsh parenting. Transmitted through supportive coparenting and parenting stress acting as mediator, maternal depressive symptoms were indirectly and positively related to harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems. These findings are discussed within the context of the broader literature and next steps for research are discussed.     

Five-factor personality domains and job performance: A second order meta-analysis

Several meta-analyses have investigated the job-related validities of the traits associated with the Five-Factor Model (FFM). The presence of second-order sampling error, however, might complicate the interpretation of these meta-analyses (i.e., random error across different meta-analyses). The current paper therefore evaluates variability across different meta-analyses and tests for key moderators (i.e., performance criteria, sources of ratings, and context). Results suggested that the variation in the predictive validity of several FFM traits and facets across multiple performance criteria was attributable to second-order sampling error. However, true variation existed for some moderators such as sources of personality information (self-reports versus informant reports). The current analyses therefore enhance knowledge about the usefulness and generalizability of personality traits in work contexts.     

Two sides of the same coin: The differentiating role of need satisfaction and frustration in passion for screen-based activities

Rooted in Self-Determination Theory, the present research sought to investigate whether the “bright” and “dark” side of human functioning (need satisfaction and need frustration, respectively) would, as determinants, differentially predict harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP) for screen-based activities such as Facebook use, TV series watching, online gaming, and smartphone gaming. For this purpose, four cross-sectional studies were carried out (N_total = 1,065). Results showed that, across all activities, need satisfaction was negatively related to OP, but not HP. A similar pattern emerged with need frustration: It was positively related to OP, but not HP. Moreover, even after controlling for the self-reported amount of time spent on the activities, HP predicted adaptive, activity-specific outcomes, whereas OP predicted maladaptive ones. These findings suggest that general need satisfaction may be a protective factor against the compensatory function of OP, but need frustration may be a potential risk factor of OP and both should be taken into account in the case of passion for screen-based activities.     

融合视角下的西方创造力系统观

创造力研究领域的学者已经在大C创造力、小C创造力以及创造力过程、人格、产品、创造力社会文化环境等不同角度进行了丰富的研究与理论的建构, 但体系纷繁, 观点各异, 往往让人难以抓住问题的重点, 我们则在梳理创造力定义的基础上, 将西方创造力理论从两个大方向上进行一定的梳理与思考, 一个是发展的角度(从微C创造力到小C创造力, 再到专业C创造力, 最后到大C创造力), 另一个是从微观到宏观联系的角度(从创造力的认知神经基础到创造力过程……一直到创造力的社会文化层面), 组成一个既联系又发展的坐标分类图, 因其与星系发展的过程有类似之处, 便将其比喻为星系发展模型, 以此来分析每个理论(主要包括Kaufman的4-C创造力模型、Csikszentmihalyi的创造力系统模型、Sternberg的创造力贡献推进理论、Amabile的创造力组成成分模型、Gl?veanu的5A创造力理论)的适用范围与界限, 以期为深入理解各个理论, 树立创造力整体观及为更进一步深入研究与应用做出一定的铺垫。