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151.
Given the stress associated with belonging to a socially devalued group, members' reactions to a threat were evaluated within a stress and coping framework. Participants (N=72) were presented with an explicit or nonexplicit (positive vs. neutral cues) threat to a devalued identity. Regressions indicated that problem-focused coping was related to appraising the identity threat as controllable, and with a greater sense of optimism. Together these variables were associated with lower salivary cortisol levels. The role of emotion-focused coping was most evident under explicit threat conditions, such that it was associated with sustained cortisol elevations and a diminution of identity importance. The findings suggest that intergroup responses involve a complex interplay among stressor appraisals and coping propensities. 相似文献
152.
Gary Foster 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(2):153-168
Harry Frankfurt characterizes love as “a disinterested concern for the existence of what is loved, and for what is good for
it.” As such, he views romantic love as an inauthentic paradigm for love since such love desires reciprocation, sexual gratification
and so on. I argue that Frankfurt’s conception of love is (a) too general—he does not distinguish between the type of love
one has for one’s partner, one’s country, a moral ideal, etc., (b) it overemphasizes the role of bestowal at the expense of
the part played by appraisal and (c) it is insufficiently social. Certain forms of love, romantic love and friendship for
instance, are defined largely in terms of reciprocation. For Frankfurt, reciprocation is somewhat of an accidental feature
of love. This deficiency in Frankfurt’s conception of love can be traced to a problem in his conception of selfhood which
I argue is insufficiently social in nature.
相似文献
Gary FosterEmail: |
153.
Julie-Ann Jordan Gerry Mulhern Judith Wylie 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,(4):455-468
The arithmetical performance of typically achieving 5- to 7-year-olds (N = 29) was measured at four 6-month intervals. The same seven tasks were used at each time point: exact calculation, story problems, approximate arithmetic, place value, calculation principles, forced retrieval, and written problems. Although group analysis showed mostly linear growth over the 18-month period, analysis of individual differences revealed a much more complex picture. Some children exhibited marked variation in performance across the seven tasks, including evidence of difficulty in some cases. Individual growth patterns also showed differences in developmental trajectories between children on each task and within children across tasks. The findings support the idea of the componential nature of arithmetical ability and underscore the need for further longitudinal research on typically achieving children and of careful consideration of individual differences. 相似文献
154.
Pol A. C. van Lier Frank Vitaro Edward D. Barker Hans M. Koot Richard E. Tremblay 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):481-492
Differences in developmental trajectories of physical violence, vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use from ages 10 to 15
were studied. For females and for males, three trajectories of theft and of alcohol-drug use increased from 10 years to 15 years,
while only the high trajectory of vandalism increased from ten to 14. All trajectories of physical violence decreased. Children
who engaged in the high trajectories of vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use had a high probability of also being high in
physical violence. Compared to males, females were less likely to be on the high trajectory of physical violence, and their
trajectories of other antisocial behaviors were less strongly associated with high levels of physical violence. The results
suggest that physical violence during pre-adolescence and adolescence has a different developmental pattern than other forms
of antisocial behavior, and that its relation to these other forms of antisocial behavior differs by sex. 相似文献
155.
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck Danielle C. Lees Graham L. Bradley Ellen A. Skinner 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(2):136-149
An analogue methodology was used to present a set of realistic, salient stressors to children in grades 3, 5, and 7. Children
(N = 146) viewed eight videotaped vignettes depicting interpersonal and non-interpersonal stressors; these were expected to
differentially threaten psychological needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy and provoke different emotional reactions.
Analyses showed that scenarios portrayed stressors that were commonly experienced by children and evoked a differentiated
profile of appraisals and emotions. When tenets of the motivational theory of stress and coping were tested, scenarios more
threatening to needs were more distressing, sadness was linked to relatedness and competence threat appraisals, and fear was
a more common reaction to parent stressors that involved dyadic conflict. After accounting for threat appraisals and previous
experience of stressors, younger children and girls appraised events as more distressing than older children and boys. Future
research could use the analogue procedure to focus on children’s development of regulation and coping with stress. 相似文献
156.
Using a cross-sectional design, the primary purpose of the present study was to examine developmental differences in mental toughness between specialized and invested Australian footballers. A secondary purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of the Australian football Mental Toughness Inventory (AfMTI; Gucciardi, Gordon, & Dimmock, 2009a) with a sample of youth footballers. Participants were 350 footballers aged between 13 and 18 (M = 15.88; SD = 1.71); 144 (Mage = 14.06; SD = .89) and 206 (Mage = 17.02; SD = 1.06) footballers from the specialized and investment developmental stages, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis of the AfMTI using AMOS did not reveal support for its psychometric structure; however, a revised version received support. A MANOVA revealed the presence of a significant difference between the two developmental groups, and follow-up ANOVA’s indicated that the desire success and sport awareness subscales contributed to multivariate effect. It appears that developmental differences should be considered in future theorizing on the development of mental toughness. 相似文献
157.
Eslinger PJ Blair C Wang J Lipovsky B Realmuto J Baker D Thorne S Gamson D Zimmerman E Rohrer L Yang QX 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(1):1-10
To investigate maturational plasticity of fluid cognition systems, functional brain imaging was undertaken in healthy 8-19 year old participants while completing visuospatial relational reasoning problems similar to Raven's matrices and current elementary grade math textbooks. Analyses revealed that visuospatial relational reasoning across this developmental age range recruited activations in the superior parietal cortices most prominently, the dorsolateral prefrontal, occipital-temporal, and premotor/supplementary cortices, the basal ganglia, and insula. There were comparable activity volumes in left and right hemispheres for nearly all of these regions. Regression analyses indicated increasing activity predominantly in the superior parietal lobes with developmental age. In contrast, multiple anterior neural systems showed significantly less activity with age, including dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, paracentral, and insula cortices bilaterally, basal ganglia, and particularly large clusters in the midline anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex, left middle cingulate/supplementary motor cortex, left insula-putamen, and left caudate. Findings suggest that neuromaturational changes associated with visuospatial relational reasoning shift from a more widespread fronto-cingulate-striatal pattern in childhood to predominant parieto-frontal activation pattern in late adolescence. 相似文献
158.
中国儿童发展量表(3-6岁)是由张厚粲教授主持,北京师大和新疆师大等单位合作,参考国内外有关研究成果,结合我国特点编制而成。其内容包括语言、认知、社会认知和动作四个方面的11个项目。量表长度适中,内容形式多样,易于施测;具有较高的信度和效度,正式通过了专家鉴定。几年的试用实践证明本量表是一个可靠而有效的测验工具。 相似文献
159.
Leon Kuczynski 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1982,34(3):357-370
The effects of varying the motivational content of verbal rationales on children's compliance to a prohibition were investigated. Sixty-four 7- to 10-year-old children received an explanation that focused either on the consequences of their behavior for themselves or on the consequences of their behavior for the experimenter. The intensity of these explanations was manipulated verbally by varying the severity of the self- or other-oriented consequences. Preratings of the rationales by an independent sample of 42 children indicated that children's perceptions of the aversiveness of the rationales increased as a function of intensity. Intensity was a determinant of children's compliance but females were more likely to increase in resistance to deviation as a function of intensity than males. Children who received other-oriented rationales performed a greater amount of work and were less likely to show decrements in working over time than subjects who received self-oriented rationales. The results were explained in terms of a model of reasoning effects in which the kind and amount of motivation aroused are two separable determinants of children's compliance. 相似文献
160.