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排序方式: 共有224条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
191.
J. O. Ramsay 《Psychometrika》1995,60(3):323-339
The probability that an examinee chooses a particular option within an item is estimated by averaging over the responses to that item of examinees with similar response patterns for the whole test. The approach does not presume any latent variable structure or any dimensionality. But simulated and actual data analyses are presented to show that when the responses are determined by a latent ability variable, this similarity-based smoothing procedure can reveal the dimensionality of ability very satisfactorily.The author wishes to acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through grant A320, and to thank Educational Testing Service for making the data on the Advanced Placement Chemistry Exam available. 相似文献
192.
运用计算机模拟试验方法,研究了4种不同的区分度分布和4种不同的难度分布在测验效度上的效应变化规律。结果表明:(1)在难度分布一定的条件下,测验效度随测验中较高区分度的项目数的递增而单调地提高;(2)在区分度分布一定的条件下,测验中的项目难度分布与考生的能力分布相一致时测验放度较高;(3)区分度分布对效度的影响比难度分布的影响更直接。 相似文献
193.
Ulf Böckenholt 《Psychometrika》1999,64(1):53-67
This paper discusses a regression model for the analysis of longitudinal count data observed in a panel study. An integer-valued first-order autoregressive [INAR(1)] Poisson process is adapted to represent time-dependent correlations among the counts. By combining the INAR(1)-representation with a random effects approach, a new negative multinomial distribution is derived that includes the bivariate negative binomial distribution proposed by Edwards and Gurland (1961) and Subrahmaniam (1966) as a special case. A detailed analysis of the relationship between personality factors and daily emotion experiences illustrates the approach.This research was partially supported by NSF grant SBR-9409531. The author is grateful to Ulrich Schimmack and Ed Diener for providing the data set used in the application section and for helpful comments on this research. 相似文献
194.
从行动理论的角度分析了组织决策的特征,提出了组织决策的阶段层次理论,并认为:1.决策过程的本质在于形成决策问题的目标手段层次结构;2.决策的层次结构具有阶段性特征,即它是随决策阶段的进展而逐步分化、完善的;3.组织在其结构上也是一个由分化得来的层次结构。因此,在组织决策过程中,应该根据决策的阶段特征,充分发挥相应组织层次的作用。关于各决策阶段组织影响力分布的调查得到了与理论模型一致的结果,有决策影响力的群体随决策阶段的展开而分化:在决策阶段一直存在两个决策影响力群体,一个是高层管理,另一个是中层管理、基层管理和工人;而在决策阶段二和三,中层管理逐步分化出来,成为第三个独立的影响力群体;在决策阶段四,基层管理代表工人参与决策的作用得到了充分的显示。此外,本研究结果还指出了高层管理在后三个阶段中对组织决策影响力分布的决定作用 相似文献
195.
Robert S. Schulman 《Psychometrika》1979,44(1):3-20
To date, virtually all techniques appropriate for ordinal data are based on the uniform probability distribution over the permutations. In this paper we introduce and examine an alternative probability model for the distribution of ordinal data. Preliminary to deriving the expectations of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau under this model, we show how to compute certain conditional expectations of rho and tau under the uniform distribution. The alternative probability model is then applied to ordinal test theory, and the calculation of true scores and test reliability are discussed. 相似文献
196.
197.
美国卫生保健的公正和分配问题 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
除了卫生保健服务的费用问题以外,美国社会中关于医疗卫生保健的比较严重的问题是服务的公平和分配问题,在美国无论是城市还是农村,在经济上处于弱势地位的人,在医疗上也处于不利地位,另一个由公平性问题影响的社会层面是;大量的美国人没有参加健康保险,他们中的大多数人是生活贫困的究人或接近于贫穷的人。此外,美国卫生保健提供体系在地理分布上是不均衡的,初级保健医生或家庭医生在医生中也没有充分的代表性,医生的矩缺不只限于农村,也扩展至城市的某些区域。 相似文献
198.
1IntroductionSuchman,an anthropologist,argued that actionswere always situated in particular social and physi-cal circumstances[1].In this view actions emergefrom moment-by-moment interactions between ac-tors,and between actors and their environments.The social and environmental aspects of cognitionhave been stressed in Hutchins′work[2].He hadstudied relatively structured decision environments,for example ship navigation and aeroplane piloting.His conclusions are that cognition in such situa… 相似文献
199.
共享心智模型:分布、层次与准确性初探 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
共享心智模型理论在理论和应用上已经有20多年的历史了,但它尚留有若干基本问题。共享应当包括多种形式,可从同异质和依赖性的关系上进行分析和测量;共享应是多层次多内容的,包括具体的底层构架和上层的抽象构架,以及指向共享内容的态度和信念;在共享心智的准确性和相似性上,唯一的专家心智模型可能不存在,且共享心智模型的演变发展过程较向专家靠近而言更有意义。共享不是团队过程的简单输出,共享心智模型可能包含一套团队加工过程 相似文献
200.
Brian D. Blume Timothy T. Baldwin Robert S. Rubin 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(1):77-91
Purpose We isolate and describe four key elements that distinguish different forms of forced distribution systems (FDS). These key
elements are the consequences for low performers, differentiation of rewards for top performers, frequency of feedback, and
comparison group size. We examine how these elements influence respondents’ attraction to FDS.
Design/methodology/approach Undergraduate students (n = 163) completed a policy capturing study designed to determine how these four FDS elements influence their attraction to
FDS. We examine the relative importance of these elements that most influence attraction to different FDS, as well as individual
attributes (i.e., cognitive ability, gender, and major) that may affect those preferences.
Findings Respondents were most attracted to systems with less stringent treatment of low performers, high differentiation of rewards,
frequent feedback and large comparison groups. Consequences for low performers were nearly twice as influential as any other
element. Respondents with higher cognitive ability favored high reward differentiation and males were less affected by stringent
consequences for low performers.
Implications Before practitioners implement FDS, it would be prudent to consider all four elements examined in this study—with the treatment
of low performers being the most salient issue. Future accounts of FDS should clarify the nature of these elements when reporting
on FDS. Such precision will be useful in generating a knowledge base on FDS.
Originality/value We add precision to the discussion of FDS by identifying four key elements. This is one of the first studies to examine
perceptions of FDS from a ratee perspective.
相似文献
Robert S. RubinEmail: |