Within-individual variability in self-concepts and personality states: Applying density distribution and situation-behavior approaches across cultures

Within-individual variability in self-concepts and everyday personality states and affects was investigated in two experience sampling studies using density distribution and situation-behavior approaches. In all seven cultures sampled, within-individual variability was substantial and self-concept and personality state variability exhibited moderate convergence. Variability in personality and affect states was moderately predicted by perceived need satisfaction in the situations. The density distribution and situation-behavior approaches were moderately convergent in identifying the most variable individuals, but the pattern of cultural differences differed in the two methods. Contrary to cultural psychology perspectives, cultural differences in within-individual variability did not consistently correspond to cultural differences in individualism–collectivism, dialecticism, or tightness.     

清代江西地区疫灾流行的特征、类型及原因

通过探讨清代江西地区疫灾流行的时空特征、疫病类型及诱发原因,研究发现,清代江西疫灾频度为41.04%,且长期波动上升,并以夏、秋季流行为主;清代不同时期,江西疫灾流行渐趋严重,疫灾重心具有“一路向北”的迁移轨迹,疫灾分布受制于人口分布重心和自然灾害多发地的空间格局;清代江西疫病类型由单一向多样转变,传统疫病的影响开始让位于新型疫病,其中霍乱影响最大;自然灾害、气候变化、战争动乱是诱发清代江西疫灾流行的主要因素,且表现出“多-少-多”的变化路径。

     

Bug distribution and statistical pattern classification

A model (called the rule space model) which permits measuring cognitive skill acquisition, diagnosing cognitive errors, detecting the weaknesses and strengths of knowledge possessed by individuals was introduced earlier. This study further discusses the theoretical foundation of the model by introducing bug distribution and hypothesis testing (Bayes' decision rules for minimum errors) for classifying subjects into their most plausible latent state of knowledge. The model is illustrated with the domain of fraction arithmetic and compared with the results obtained from a conventional artificial intelligence approach.The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Robert Baillie for developing several computer programs used for this research.This research was sponsored by the Personnel and Training Research Program, Psychological Sciences Division, Office of Naval Research.Some of the analyses presented in this report were performed on the PLATO® system. The PLATO® system is a development of the University of Illinois and PLATO® is a service mark of the Control Data Corporation.     

从幸福学角度对和谐消费的阐释

本文从幸福学的角度,对和谐消费的内涵进行了阐释和分析。基于幸福学中所提出的参照点效应、范围-频次分布理论和内在可评估性理论对不和谐的消费现象,包括奢侈性、炫耀性和过度消费的形成机制和原因进行了分析和解释,并由此提出促进社会和谐消费的建议和启示,以期对政策制定者、企业和个人消费者提供借鉴。     

自尊水平划分方法与青少年自尊的现状

本文采用问卷法调查了349名中学青少年的一般自尊,通过三种自尊水平划分方法的结果比较,确定当代青少年中不同自尊水平的人数比例。结果表明:1青少年一般自尊状况接近正态分布,一般自尊水平普遍偏高;2总体来看,三种一般自尊水平青少年占青少年总数的比例是:高自尊38%,中等自尊52%,低自尊10%;男生、女生的各一般自尊水平的人数比例与总体各自尊水平的人数比例相近。     

Limited Information Goodness-of-fit Testing in Multidimensional Contingency Tables

We introduce a family of goodness-of-fit statistics for testing composite null hypotheses in multidimensional contingency tables. These statistics are quadratic forms in marginal residuals up to order r. They are asymptotically chi-square under the null hypothesis when parameters are estimated using any asymptotically normal consistent estimator. For a widely used item response model, when r is small and multidimensional tables are sparse, the proposed statistics have accurate empirical Type I errors, unlike Pearson's X ². For this model in nonsparse situations, the proposed statistics are also more powerful than X ². In addition, the proposed statistics are asymptotically chi-square when applied to subtables, and can be used for a piecewise goodness-of-fit assessment to determine the source of misfit in poorly fitting models. This research has been supported by the Department of Universities, Research, and Information Society (DURSI) of the Catalan Government, by grant BSO2003-08507 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, and an NSERC Canada grant. We are grateful to the referees for comments leading to improvements.     

十年坚守“无红包” 推动医院新跨越

采取一系列配套措施,杜绝红包,同时大力改革职工分配制度,使医院职工的合理利益得到满足;切实的持续的职业道德教育,多种形式的“病员满意”和创建文明单位的活动,使得“无红包”医院得以巩固和提高。     

Tests of homogeneity of means and covariance matrices for multivariate incomplete data

Existing test statistics for assessing whether incomplete data represent a missing completely at random sample from a single population are based on a normal likelihood rationale and effectively test for homogeneity of means and covariances across missing data patterns. The likelihood approach cannot be implemented adequately if a pattern of missing data contains very few subjects. A generalized least squares rationale is used to develop parallel tests that are expected to be more stable in small samples. Three factors were varied for a simulation: number of variables, percent missing completely at random, and sample size. One thousand data sets were simulated for each condition. The generalized least squares test of homogeneity of means performed close to an ideal Type I error rate for most of the conditions. The generalized least squares test of homogeneity of covariance matrices and a combined test performed quite well also.Preliminary results on this research were presented at the 1999 Western Psychological Association convention, Irvine, CA, and in the UCLA Statistics Preprint No. 265 (http://www.stat.ucla.edu). The assistance of Ke-Hai Yuan and several anonymous reviewers is gratefully acknowledged.