Contrast Effects and Approval Voting: An Illustration of a Systematic Violation of the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Condition

In approval voting, voters indicate all alternatives acceptable to them, instead of indicating their most preferred alternative. This study sought to examine the hypothesis that, under certain conditions, approval voting systematically violates a rationality condition of social choice: the independence of irrelevant alternatives condition. Given a well-known psychological phenomenon, the contrast effect, it was hypothesized that sets of acceptable alternatives might be changed as a result of changes in unacceptable alternatives. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of undergraduates who were presented with fictional profiles of juvenile delinquents and then were asked whether they should be granted parole. The outcomes of approval voting changed merely as the result of a change in an alternative least preferred by all voters.     

记忆的自我参照效应

自我参照效应(self-reference effect)指的是记忆材料与自我相联系时的记忆效果显著优于其他编码条件。自我对记忆的促进作用,存在多种理论解释,最主要的有:精细加工说,组织加工说以及双过程说。自我参照效应的研究为应用脑功能成像技术对自我进行脑定位提供了一个新的视角,为情节记忆的HERA模型提供了有力的证据。目前,自我参照效应的研究同文化差异研究相结合,成为一个新的研究趋势。     

Psychoanalytic Models of the Mind for Couple and Family Therapy

This paper describes an object relations theory of mind that highlights the interactive origin of psychic function and the beginnings of mental structure in the infant's relationships within the family group. Based on this model, psychoanalytic family and couple therapy employs the interactions between family and therapist to detect and work with developmental failures in holding and containment, skewed family projective identification, and attacks on linking, which characterize pathological and traumatized families. The coming together of transference generated by the family as a group and the therapist's countertransference are the fulcrum on which such therapy turns. An extended vignette of a session is used to illustrate the application of object relations theory to the therapeutic process of family therapy.     

父母成人依恋、怜悯与亲子关系质量:主客体互倚分析

本研究考察了父母的成人依恋对亲子关系的影响以及怜悯的中介作用。采用方便取样法调查广东省某市小学2~5年级学生的父母。534对父母自我报告了各自的成人依恋、怜悯和亲子关系质量。主客体互倚模型分析发现：（1）父母各自的依恋焦虑和依恋回避显著负向预测自己与孩子的关系质量（主体效应）,但无法显著预测伴侣与孩子的关系质量（客体效应）;（2）父母各自的怜悯在上述主体效应中起到中介作用;（3）母亲的怜悯在自身依恋回避对父子关系的客体效应中起到“遮掩效应”;（4）母亲的怜悯在自身依恋焦虑对父子关系的客体效应中起到中介作用。研究结果有利于从成对关系视角理解父母成人依恋如何影响亲子关系,实际干预中可以通过提高父母的怜悯能力来改善亲子关系。     

多项式加工树模型在社会心理学中的应用

多项式加工树（multinomial processing tree, MPT）从理论模型出发,使用多项式模型来拟合行为数据并估计理论模型中各个加工过程发生的可能性。该模型能够有效分离和量化不同心理过程,被广泛应用于社会认知研究之中,如态度、刻板印象等。本文首先介绍该模型的基本原理及其实现,并以道德判断为例说明其在社会心理学中的最新应用。最后,总结其对社会心理学研究的意义,即可以作为一种方法提高研究的效度和精度,具有较高的实用价值,并指出其潜在不足。     

预测视角下双因子模型与高阶因子模型的一般性模拟比较

高阶因子模型本质上是一种特殊的双因子模型, 应用中却常被当做双因子模型的竞争模型。已有研究以满足比例约束的双因子模型(此时等价于一个高阶因子模型)为真实测量模型产生模拟数据, 比较了用双因子模型和高阶因子模型作为测量模型的预测效果。本文使用不满足比例约束的双因子模型(此时不与任何高阶因子模型等价)为真实测量模型产生模拟数据进行比较, 所得结果与满足比例约束的双因子模型的结果有很大差别, 双因子模型结构系数的相对偏差较小、检验力较高, 但第Ⅰ类错误率略高。结论是, 在比例约束条件成立时可以使用高阶因子模型, 否则, 从统计角度看, 一般情况下使用双因子模型进行预测比较好。     

Personality traits and perceptions of organisational justice

This study examined the association between five‐factor model personality traits and perceptions of organisational justice. The sample for the study comprised 903 participants (35–50 years old; 523 women) studied in 2007 and 2012. Measures used were the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Five‐Factor Inventory questionnaire and the short organisational justice measure. The results showed that high neuroticism was associated with low distributive, procedural and interactional justice. Furthermore, high agreeableness was associated with high procedural and interactional justice and high openness with high distributive justice. This study suggests that neuroticism, agreeableness and openness are involved in perceptions of organisational justice and that personality should be considered in research and in practices at the workplace.     

Mitigating the Harmful Effect of Perceived Organizational Compliance on Trust in Top Management: Buffering Roles of Employees’ Personal Resources

This study considers how employees’ POC—defined as their beliefs that the organizational climate stifles change and values compliance with the status quo—reduce their trust in top management, as well as how this negative relationship might be buffered by access to two personal resources that support organizational change: openness to experience and affective commitment to change. Data from a sample of Pakistan-based organizations reveal that POC reduce trust in top management, but this effect is weaker at higher levels of openness to experience and affective commitment to change. These findings are significant in that they indicate that employees who operate in organizational climates marked by “yea-saying” can counter the difficulty of improving their job situation by drawing from adequate personal resources.     

Age Differences in the Variance of Personality Characteristics

In contrast to mean‐level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five‐factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self‐reports and informant‐reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet‐level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five‐factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology