活力：一个历久弥新的研究课题

活力是指个体能够运用身体和心理的能量, 展现富有生机的精神面貌而且行动有力。当个体有活力时, 会体验到源自自体的一种激情、生机和能量。活力的典型成分是能量、警醒和生机。当前, 活力对个体的影响研究主要体现在身心健康、工作和学习领域以及人生幸福等方面。对活力的影响因素研究主要集中在体育锻炼、冥想、外在物理环境以及人际环境等方面。在今后的研究中, 要加强对活力的理论建构、深入开展实证研究、应用研究以及本土化研究。     

自立、自强特征的对比研究

先用包含1个问题的两种开放式问卷对236名被试进行词查,之后又用根据开放式问卷结果编制的封闭式问卷对256名被试进行调查,结果如下：①被试区分出了自立与自强的典型特征;②独立性、责任性和灵活性是被试最强调的自立特征,勇敢与拼搏、坚韧性和才干是被试最强调的自强特征。③心理健康是被试强调的自立者与自强者的共同特征。最后,对自立与自强的关系,自立、自强与自尊、自信的关系,自立者的典型特征,自强者的典型特征等问题进行了讨论。     

汉字结构对汉字识别加工的影响

考察了在不同字烦、笔画条件下个体对不同结构汉字汉字识别时其基本加工单元是否具有差别。结果发现,(1)在各种汉字结构的条件下,均出现了显著的笔画数效应,可能说明汉字结构对汉字识别的基本加工单元没有影响。(2)当汉字为包围结构时没有出现字频效应(3)汉字结构对低频字的识别有影响,对高频字的识别没有影响;对少笔画字的识别有影响,对多笔画字的识别没有影响(4)在实验出现了结构方式效应。     

汉字语音关联对错误记忆的影响

应用DRM范式, 研究单个汉字语音关联对错误记忆的影响。实验一中, 学习阶段呈现的各字表汉字与未呈现的诱饵字具有相同音节。再认测试发现, 被试对诱饵字产生了明显的错误再认。实验二发现, 当各学习字表内的汉字拥有相同声母或相同韵母时, 被试对相应的两种诱饵字也能产生明显的错误再认, 并且其效应与音节相同时基本一样。这些结果说明, 汉字的语音关联可以诱发错误记忆现象, 但其效应并不随语音相似度的增加而增加。研究提示, 错误记忆可以来源于较低层次的基于知觉的加工; 中文语音网络虽然易于激活, 但激活程度有限。     

Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters

Cognitive models of reading all assume some division of labor among processing pathways in mapping among print, sound and meaning. Many studies of the neural basis of reading have used task manipulations such as rhyme or synonym judgment to tap these processes independently. Here we take advantage of specific properties of the Chinese writing system to test how differential availability of sublexical information about sound and meaning, as well as the orthographic structure of characters, pseudo-characters and “artificial” control stimuli influence brain activation in the context of the same one-back task. Analyses combine a data-driven approach that identifies temporally coherent patterns of activity over the course of the entire experiment with hypothesis-testing based on the correlation of these patterns with predictors for different stimulus classes. The results reveal a large network of task-related activity. Both the extent of this network and activity in regions commonly observed in studies of Chinese reading are apparently related to task difficulty. Other regions, including temporo-parietal cortex, were sensitive to particular sublexical functional units in mapping among print, sound, and meaning.     

汉语形声字声旁家族大小对整字发音的影响

拼音文字阅读中的“家族效应”是语音通达研究的一个重要角度,然而,汉字语音通达的家族效应研究却未见报道。本文运用快速命名的实验范式,对汉字形声字声旁家族大小对整字语音通达的影响进行了研究。结果发现汉字阅读中也存在家族效应,但是与拼音文字正好相反,声旁家族越大,反应时越长,在不规则汉字阅读中表现更为明显,显示了汉语语音通达有别于拼音文字的特殊性。另外,作者在研究基础上提出了一个汉字形声字阅读的模型,以期更深入地揭示汉字形声字阅读的认知机制     

A Functional Analysis of 2004 Ukrainian Presidential Debates

Political leaders’ debates are an important and highly visible instances of public argumentation. As such, they merit scholarly attention. This essay applies the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse to analyze televised presidential debates from the Ukraine in 2004. Overall, this analysis revealed that acclaims were the most common function, followed by attacks and then defenses. Policy was addressed more often than character in these debates, as expected. The incumbent candidate acclaimed significantly more and attacked less than the challenger. The incumbents used past deeds significantly more often to acclaim – and less to attack – than the challengers. Finally, general goals and ideals were used more as the basis for acclaims than attacks in these debates. Implications of these results are discussed.     

亚里士多德关于以音乐教育培养少儿道德品行的思想探析

在快乐中培养少儿的道德品行是亚里士多德音乐教育思想的道德目标。在审美通感的基础上,通过道德移情进行理性灵魂的德性活动,是音乐教育培养少儿道德品行的心理机制。“执中”为善、积习成德是音乐教育培塑未来道德公民的基本途径。     

How the interplay of imagined contact and first-person narratives improves attitudes toward stigmatized immigrants: A conditional process model

This article assesses the mechanisms whereby first-person narratives featuring stigmatized immigrants improve outgroup attitudes and encourage intergroup contact among prejudiced individuals. We rely on a 2 (imagined contact vs. control) × 2 (similar vs. dissimilar message protagonist) experiment on a systematic sample of native British adults. Results show that encouraging imagined contact prior to reading a short testimonial featuring an immigrant protagonist who is similar to the recipients in terms of social identity enhances identification with the protagonist, thereby improving outgroup attitudes and encouraging intergroup contact, and especially strongly among those who are prejudiced toward immigrants (i.e., high on modern racism). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the work on imagined contact, narrative persuasion, and identification, as well as for public communication campaigns, are discussed.