融合视角下创造力的认知神经机制

创造力的认知神经机制是近年来心理学研究领域的前沿和热点问题。通过融合创造力整体宏观视角和创造性产生过程的微观视角,对创造力的认知神经机制进行了综述。宏观视角下,创造力主要涉及α波和大脑前额叶、内外侧颞叶以及外侧顶叶; 微观视角下,在创造力产生过程中主要涉及α波序列位置效应以及默认网络和执行控制网络的功能耦合。未来研究方向应该结合多模态脑成像数据库,利用机器算法来探究创造力的本质; 关注青少年群体创造力的纵向发展趋势; 结合分子遗传学研究,探究与创造力有关的基因问题。     

为什么被选的和被拒的会是同一个备择选项?

选项的排列和描述方式会对人们的决策产生重大影响, 选择和拒绝反应模式作为描述方式中的特殊变式, 其研究价值和应用潜力被研究者低估。靠“选择和拒绝”反应模式达成决策时的差异表现在认知努力、选择注意力、决策标准等5个层面, 近30年来逐渐发展出了丰富选项范式、分阶段缩小技术和直接询问法等研究范式, 并探索出兼容性假说、承诺假说和强调假说等较为成熟的理论假说, 用以阐述选择和拒绝反应模式差异的内在机制。选择和拒绝反应模式已在消费者行为、医疗卫生等领域中发挥出实在的推动作用, 未来研究可考虑着眼于选择和拒绝反应模式作为助推手段的应用价值和助推实践。     

催产素对学习和记忆的调节效应：来自动物与人类的研究证据

作为一种神经肽, 催产素对于个体社会认知和情绪加工有着非常重要的调节作用, 其中就包括对在人们工作和生活中扮演着关键角色的学习和记忆活动的影响。采用不同模态技术的动物和人类研究一致表明了外源性催产素对于学习和记忆具有重要的调节作用, 这一作用可能是外源性催产素通过与多巴胺奖赏通路、边缘系统等学习和记忆关键脑网络中广泛分布的催产素受体相结合, 进而调整其功能状态实现的; 但与此同时, 催产素对学习和记忆的促进或抑制作用会因实验范式、刺激材料、给药时间、位置和剂量等因素的不同而存在差异。未来需要协同动物和人类研究的各自优势, 采用规范化的实验任务设置和给药程序克服当前该领域的研究局限, 并积极发掘催产素在干预相关精神疾病患者学习和记忆加工缺陷中的应用潜力。     

Hedonic Evaluation over Short and Long Retention Intervals: The Mechanism of the Peak–End Rule

The peak–end rule is used to explain how people make retrospective hedonic evaluations. This study advances our understanding of its mechanism by identifying the different effects of the rule on such evaluations over short and long retention intervals. The results of two experiments show that (i) respondents constructed their retrospective hedonic evaluations on the basis of the peak and end affects only over a short retention interval, not over a long one; and (ii) respondents relied on episodic information to construct their evaluations over a short retention interval, whereas they relied on both semantic and episodic information to construct their evaluations over a long retention interval. Our study also suggests that the “watershed” between short and long retention intervals is likely to lie between 3 and 7 weeks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ERP的神经机制：诱发模型还是相位重排模型?

ERP的神经机制问题一直存在争议。诱发模型认为, ERP产生于触发事件诱发的确定性响应电位, 该诱发电位与背景脑电振荡相互独立。相位重排模型认为, 触发事件并不会诱发出一个独立于脑电信号的诱发电位, ERP产生于背景脑电节律振荡的部分相位重排。已有研究提供了各种实验证据以支持诱发模型或/和相位重排模型, 同时也引发了相关学者的诸多质疑。实验记录方式、数据处理及分析方法等方面的提高有利于进一步澄清ERP的神经机制。     

记忆源检测的加工分离

同一个记忆源检测任务是否可以依赖两种不同的加工——无意识启发式加工和有意识系统式加工,是源检测加工机制研究探索的一个重要问题。本研究拟借助加工分离程序来分离同一个源检测任务中的启发式和系统式加工,并进一步考察了启发式和系统式加工受刺激呈现时间的影响。结果发现:位置源检测任务依赖于启发式和系统式两种加工,且随着刺激呈现时间的增长,系统式加工的贡献显著地提高,启发式加工的贡献却无显著提升。这一结果既验证了记忆源检测的双加工机制,也暗示了两种加工在加工深度上的差异。     

How Many Mechanisms Are Needed to Analyze Speech? A Connectionist Simulation of Structural Rule Learning in Artificial Language Acquisition

Some empirical evidence in the artificial language acquisition literature has been taken to suggest that statistical learning mechanisms are insufficient for extracting structural information from an artificial language. According to the more than one mechanism (MOM) hypothesis, at least two mechanisms are required in order to acquire language from speech: (a) a statistical mechanism for speech segmentation; and (b) an additional rule-following mechanism in order to induce grammatical regularities. In this article, we present a set of neural network studies demonstrating that a single statistical mechanism can mimic the apparent discovery of structural regularities, beyond the segmentation of speech. We argue that our results undermine one argument for the MOM hypothesis.     

Rudolph Hermann Lotze's philosophically informed psychology

This essay deals with four main topics: the notion of philosophical psychology; the idea that physical events and mental events cannot be compared to one another; psychophysical mechanism; and the theory of local signs. These are all key elements in the Medicinische Psychologie of Rudolph Hermann Lotze (1817‒1881). By philosophical psychology, Lotze understands not only the collection of experimental data regarding physiological and mental states but also their philosophical processing outlining an interpretation of the real nature of the mind‒body connection. Within this framework, Lotze introduces the psychophysical mechanism as based on a key philosophical idea: mind and body are incomparable, but, nevertheless, they are in reciprocal relation (Wechselwirkung). In virtue of said special relation, movements that take place in the mental sphere of reality are transferred or translated in the bodily sphere and vice versa. This rearrangement (Umgestaltung) from one sphere of reality to the other is termed by Lotze “transformation to equivalent.” Through the concept of equivalence, Lotze supports the idea that the mind and the body form an organic whole. However, psychophysical mechanisms should not be seen as not a fixed series of physical changes followed by an equally fixed series of mental changes: physical changes are “read,” organized, and then transformed by the mind into something purely mental. This, in turn, produces new mechanical force and more physical changes. Lotze's legacy and long-term impact is finally read against the background of his contributions.     

Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms

Change in the use of defense mechanisms between late adolescence and adulthood was assessed in two different longitudinal studies from the Institute of Human Development. The results were virtually identical: the use of Identification decreased, the use of Denial increased, and there was little change in the use of Projection. Both the use of Identification at adolescence, and its subsequent decrease in adulthood were found to be predicted by ego strength and committed Identity - that is, by evidence of developmental maturity at late adolescence. The decrease in Identification is consistent with predictions from the theory of defense mechanism development: defenses are related to developmental period; once that period is concluded, the use of the related defense declines.     

婴儿语音感知发展及其机制

语音感知的发展状况对个体的语言发展有着深远影响。生命的第一年中, 在语言经验的作用下, 婴儿的语音感知从最初的普遍性感知逐渐发展为对母语的特异性感知。研究者们提出统计学习机制对这一过程加以解释, 即婴儿对语言环境中语音的频次分布十分敏感, 可以通过对频次分布的计算, 从语音的连续体中区分出在母语中起区别意义作用的各个语音范畴。同时, 功能性重组机制和一些社会性线索也会对婴儿语音感知的发展产生重要影响。