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951.
952.
What's different in second-language processing? Evidence from event-related brain potentials 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hahne A 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2001,30(3):251-266
German sentences which were either correct, contained a selectional restriction violation, or a word category violation were presented auditorily to 16 native speakers of German (L1 group) and to 16 native speakers of Russian, who had learned German after the age of 10 (L2 group). Semantic violations elicited an N400 effect for both groups, but with a reduced amplitude and a longer peak latency in the L2 group. Compared to correct sentences, sentences with a phrase structure violation elicited an early anterior negativity followed by a broad centro-parietal positivity in native speakers. By contrast, there was no differential modulation of the early anterior negativity in the L2 group. A late positivity was also elicited in the second language learners, but it was slightly delayed compared to that shown by native speakers. This pattern is discussed in terms of different degrees of automaticity with respect to the subprocesses involved in sentence comprehension. 相似文献
953.
These experiments investigated how chimpanzees learn to navigate visual fingermazes presented on a touch monitor. The aim
was to determine whether training the subjects to solve several different mazes would establish a generalized map-reading
skill such that they would solve new mazes correctly on the first presentation. In experiment 1, two captive adult female
chimpanzees were trained to move a visual object (a ball) with a finger over the monitor surface toward a target through a
grid of obstacles that formed a maze. The task was fully automated with storage of movement paths on individual trials. Training
progressed from very simple mazes with one obstacle to complex mazes with several obstacles. The subjects learned to move
the ball to the target in a curved path so as to avoid obstacles and blind alleys. After training on several mazes, both subjects
developed a high level of efficiency in moving the ball to the target in a path that closely approached the ideal shortest
path. New mazes were then presented to determine whether the subjects had acquired a more generalized maze-solving performance.
The subjects solved 65–100% of the new mazes the first time they were presented by moving the ball around obstacles to the
target without making detours into blind alleys. In experiment 2, one of the chimpanzees was trained using mazes with two
routes to the target. One of the routes was blocked at one of many possible locations. After training to avoid the blind alley
in different mazes, new mazes were presented that also had one route blocked. The subject correctly solved 90.7% of the novel
mazes. When the mazes had one short and one long open route to the target the subject preferred the shorter route. When the
short route was blocked, the subject solved only 53.3% of the mazes because of the preference for the shorter route even when
blocked. The overall results suggest that with the training methods used the subjects learned to solve specific mazes with
a trial-and-error method. Although both subjects were able to solve many of the novel mazes they did not fully develop a more
general "map-reading" skill.
Accepted after revision: 30 July 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
954.
The link between automatic and effortful processing and nonanalytic and analytic category learning was evaluated in a sample of 29 college undergraduates using declarative memory, semantic category search, and pseudoword categorization tasks. Automatic and effortful processing measures were hypothesized to be associated with nonanalytic and analytic categorization, respectively. Results suggested that contrary to prediction strong criterion-attribute (analytic) responding on the pseudoword categorization task was associated with strong automatic, implicit memory encoding of frequency-of-occurrence information. Data are discussed in terms of the possibility that criterion-attribute category knowledge, once established, may be expressed with few attentional resources. The data indicate that attention resource requirements, even for the same stimuli and task, vary depending on the category rule system utilized. Also, the automaticity emerging from familiarity with analytic category exemplars is very different from the automaticity arising from extensive practice on a semantic category search task. The data do not support any simple mapping of analytic and nonanalytic forms of category learning onto the automatic and effortful processing dichotomy and challenge simple models of brain asymmetries for such procedures. 相似文献
955.
Latent inhibition (LI) refers to findings of poorer learning with stimuli preexposed as irrelevant, compared to novel stimuli. In order to investigate the role of attention in traditional LI, two experiments with human subjects were conducted. Experiment 1 used a simplified visual-search design. As in previous studies, but now with a simpler design, there was a LI-like effect, thereby supporting the position that attentional learning to irrelevantly preexposed stimuli is reduced. Experiment 2 introduced conditions that were designed to exclude a potential contribution of novel popout to the visual-search LI-like effect. It was shown that the effect could be observed independently of contributions from novel popout. In addition, when participants were divided into good and poor attentional learners on the basis of visual-search LI scores, traditional rule-learning LI was established in good attentional learners, whereas it was absent in poor attentional learners. Together, these results indicate that visual-search procedures can be used to provide a measure for LI, and, as such, they support attention-based explanations of traditional LI. 相似文献
956.
957.
We begin by stating our understanding of the concepts presented in Hopper's paper, then comment on the clinical illustration, and conclude by describing two group situations in which we have applied the concepts we have taken from Hopper's paper. Hopper's fourth basic assumption applies to our work as individual psychoanalysts, family therapists, and group leaders because it integrates psychoanalytic and social understanding. We demonstrate how and why we find Hopper's idea to be a useful advance. 相似文献
958.
Computational Versus Associative Models of Simple Conditioning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In associative models of simple conditioning, conductive connections (associations, Hebbian synapses) are strengthened by the repetitive temporal pairing of stimuli. The associations cause the animal to behave more adaptively, but they do not encode information about objectively specifiable properties of the conditioning experience. In information processing (computational) models, the temporal intervals in that experience are timed and the results recorded in memory for later use in computations that determine the decisions whether and when to respond to the conditioned stimulus. The predictions of these latter models depend on the ratios of remembered and currently experienced temporal intervals; hence, they are time-scale invariant. Two examples of empirical time-scale invariance are described: Neither the delay of reinforcement nor the ratio of reinforced to unreinforced presentations of the conditioned stimulus affects rates of acquisition and extinction. Time-scale invariance has far-reaching implications for models of the processes that underlie conditioning, for example, models of Hebbian synapses. 相似文献
959.
David M. Smith Jessel Monteverde Edric Schwartz John H. Freeman Jr. Michael Gabriel 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2001,76(3):403-425
The amygdala is critically involved in discriminative avoidance learning. Large lesions of the amygdala block discriminative avoidance learning and abolish cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal activity. These results indicated that amygdalar processing is critical for cingulothalamic plasticity. The larger lesions did not allow differentiation of the specific functioning of various amygdalar nuclei. Anatomical analysis showed that damage in the central (CE) nucleus of the amygdala was correlated with the severity of the behavioral deficit. The present study was carried out to determine whether smaller lesions, centered in the CE nucleus, would impair discriminative avoidance learning and block cingulothalamic plasticity. In addition, the possible role of the CE nucleus in appetitively motivated discriminative approach learning was examined for the first time. New Zealand White rabbits with CE nuclear lesions were first trained in the discriminative approach task. After attaining asymptotic performance, discriminative avoidance training sessions were alternated with continuing approach training sessions, one session each day. The rabbits with lesions were severely impaired in avoidance learning but showed no impairment of approach learning. Surprisingly, the attenuating effects of the lesions on cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal activity were more prevalent during approach learning than during avoidance learning. These results indicated that avoidance learning can be impaired by lesions centered in the CE nucleus that leave cingulothalamic plasticity largely intact and that the CE nucleus is involved in extra-cingulothalamic learning processes. 相似文献
960.
William C. Nichols 《Journal of Psychotherapy Integration》2001,11(3):289-312
This paper describes an integrative approach to marital and family therapy in which psychodynamic (particularly object relations), family systems, and behavioral (particularly cognitive–behavioral) theory are blended in a flexible and tailored therapeutic approach. Human personality in its most significant contexts is a consistent focus. Background factors in the development to the approach and illustrative case materials are included. 相似文献