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921.
劳丹的研究传统理论是在克服库恩“范式论”和拉卡托斯“研究纲领理论”不足的基础上建立起来的更为严密、更符合科学历史事实的理论体系,本文简要介绍了该理论并在此基础上提出了心理学研究从中得到的几点启示:心理学研究应从“以方法为中心”转向“以问题为中心”,采用概念分析等多元研究方法,以一种宽容、开放的态度来评价心理学的各种理论。 相似文献
922.
表现性评价中评分者信度估计方法的比较研究--从相关法、百分比法到概化理论 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
随着素质教育的推进.表现性评价受到越来越多的重视。影响表现性评价结果信度的一个重要因素是评分者之间的不一致。文章使用模拟数据,在对比评分者一致性的相关法、一致性百分比法和概化系数等各种估计方法的基础上,提出概化理论在表现性评价中评分者信度问题上的应用是理论和实践发展的有益方向。 相似文献
923.
924.
The Attentional Focus Model (Karau & Kelly, 1992) predicts that time pressure should lead group members to focus on a restricted range of task-relevant cues and to adopt task completion as their major interaction objective. Although this prediction has been supported in several studies (e.g., Karau & Kelly, 1992; Kelly, Jackson, & Hutson-Comeaux, 1997; Kelly & Karau, 1999; Parks & Cowlin, 1995), the exact processes that underlie information restriction have not been specified. We propose that two processes are involved. Specifically, the restriction of information may occur because time pressure affects the way in which information is initially encoded or attended to before a group enters its decision-making phase, or because group members filter out what they judge to be less important information during group discussion and decision making. We assessed both of these processes within a decision-making experiment where time pressure was manipulated prior to learning information that would be used to perform a task. Recall of information learned prior to group discussion did not differ by time pressure condition, arguing against an encoding process. In contrast, interaction data demonstrated information restriction by group members, arguing for a filtering process. Thought listings collected 1 min into the group discussion in some groups also supported a filtering process, as did questionnaire data. Implications of these findings for the Attentional Focus Model and for effective group decision making are discussed. 相似文献
925.
926.
Jürgen Heller 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2004,48(1):1-8
Algorithmic procedures have been devised for constructing a knowledge space by querying experts. The queries submitted to the expert consist of assertions that are to be accepted or rejected. The present paper provides a characterization of the algorithms that may be used to draw inferences from previously collected answers. It is based on the notion of a closure on the set of all assertions, and its extension to a set containing for each assertion a positive and a negative instance, representing acceptance and rejection, respectively. The developed characterization emphasizes the significance of the well-known QUERY and PS-QUERY procedures. Potential applications of the presented results in contexts other than knowledge space theory are pointed out. 相似文献
927.
Computer Implication and the Curry Paradox 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
There are theoretical limitations to what can be implemented by a computer program. In this paper we are concerned with a limitation on the strength of computer implemented deduction. We use a version of the Curry paradox to arrive at this limitation. 相似文献
928.
Joseph M. Schwartz 《Metaphilosophy》2004,35(3):273-302
Abstract: The Bush administration's military war on terrorism is a blunt, ineffective, and unjust response to the threat posed to innocent civilians by terrorism. Decentralized terrorist networks can only be effectively fought by international cooperation among police and intelligence agencies representing diverse nation‐states, including ones with predominantly Islamic populations. The Bush administration's allegations of a global Islamist terrorist threat to the national interests of the United States misread the decentralized and complex nature of Islamist politics. Undoubtedly there exists a “combat fundamentalist” element within Islamism. But the threat posed to U.S. citizens by Islamist terrorism neither necessitates nor justifies as a response massive military invasions of other nations. Not only does the Bush administration's war on alleged “terrorist states” violate the doctrine of just war, but in addition these wars arise from a new, unilateral, imperial foreign‐policy doctrine of “preventive wars.” Such a doctrine will isolate the United States from international institutions and long‐standing allies. The weakening of these institutions and alliances will only weaken the ability of the international community to deter terrorism. 相似文献
929.
Higher-order latent trait models for cognitive diagnosis 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Higher-order latent traits are proposed for specifying the joint distribution of binary attributes in models for cognitive
diagnosis. This approach results in a parsimonious model for the joint distribution of a high-dimensional attribute vector
that is natural in many situations when specific cognitive information is sought but a less informative item response model
would be a reasonable alternative. This approach stems from viewing the attributes as the specific knowledge required for
examination performance, and modeling these attributes as arising from a broadly-defined latent trait resembling theϑ of item response models. In this way a relatively simple model for the joint distribution of the attributes results, which
is based on a plausible model for the relationship between general aptitude and specific knowledge. Markov chain Monte Carlo
algorithms for parameter estimation are given for selected response distributions, and simulation results are presented to
examine the performance of the algorithm as well as the sensitivity of classification to model misspecification. An analysis
of fraction subtraction data is provided as an example.
This research was funded by National Institute of Health grant R01 CA81068. We would like to thank William Stout and Sarah
Hartz for many useful discussions, three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions, and Kikumi Tatsuoka and
Curtis Tatsuoka for generously sharing data. 相似文献
930.
The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert Jervis 《Political psychology》2004,25(2):163-176
Central to prospect theory are far-reaching claims about what people fear and what gratifies them. Subjective well-being is a topic that social science has been reluctant to discuss in recent years, but it is central to much of our lives. A loss inflicts more harm than a comparable gain produces pleasure; this fact and the related endowment effect are important parts of our psychological makeup. The importance of change rather than absolute value position, and the related significance of the reference point and how it can be altered, can be seen as integral to human nature. 相似文献