追踪研究中缺失数据处理方法及应用现状分析

追踪研究中普遍存在缺失数据, 缺失数据处理方法的选择影响统计推断的精度及研究结果的有效性。首先, 阐述缺失机制及判断方法, 比较追踪研究中主要的缺失数据处理方法的特点、及实际应用中的缺失处理方法的选择和软件实现。其次, 对国内心理学中92篇追踪研究文献进行分析, 发现有59篇(64.13%)报告不同程度缺失, 其中仅39篇报告了处理方法且均为删除法。未来研究应深入探讨现有缺失数据处理方法的有效性, 进一步规范应用研究中缺失数据的处理。     

协作抑制的作用机制：来自编码阶段的证据

协作抑制是指当人们在一个记忆小组中一起提取信息的时候,小组提取的信息总量比等量个体提取的信息总量要少。本研究采用经典的协作抑制研究范式和两次提取任务,考察编码方式和学习次数对协作提取任务的影响,进一步将考察协作抑制的产生机制作为总研究目的。结果表明,编码方式相同条件下出现协作抑制,而编码方式不同条件下协作抑制消失,显示协作抑制的出现与否依赖于认知条件的改变;无论是学习一次还是学习两次,在第一次小组提取中出现协作抑制,而在第二次个人提取中协作抑制消失,在使用困难学习材料时也得到同样的研究结果。研究结果支持协作抑制的提取策略破坏假说。     

难度与分值对高一学生选择停止、集中或分散学习的影响

选取50名高一学生,选用反义词对和人工词对两种学习材料,赋予学习材料不同的分值,探讨项目难度和分值对学习者集中学习或分散学习选择及其效果的影响,并通过问卷调查被试对不同学习方式的认识。结果发现:(1)只有44%的被试报告分散学习更有效,被试总体上也更多地选择了集中学习;(2)在困难项目上,分散学习比集中学习的效果更好;(3)被试对容易项目更多选择停止学习,对困难项目更少选择停止学习,特别是困难高分项目;对困难项目比对容易项目更多选择分散学习,而在困难与容易项目上,对集中学习的选择不存在显著差异。     

诺贝尔医学奖获得者的人文底蕴思考

科学家成功之处在于科技创新和人文底蕴的融合.目前的研究欠缺对科学家人文底蕴深入系统的探讨.科学家人文底蕴的基础是科学自觉,是真;人文底蕴的彰显是人文自觉,是善;人文底蕴的内核是人文价值,是美.人文价值是科学与人文的融合点,体现了二者在追求真善美的人生价值最高境界上的相通.人文底蕴的培养必须贯穿人文价值,养成科学自觉和人文自觉.     

System-of-Care Practice Review Scores as Predictors of Behavioral Symptomatology and Functional Impairment

The longitudinal comparison study of the national evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program assesses factors in service delivery systems that may shape the impact of systems of care. We evaluated the extent to which services embodying the principles of a system of care, as measured by the System-of-Care Practice Review (SOCPR), affect clinical outcomes for children being served in federally-funded systems of care and matched comparison communities. The participants included 75 children and families selected for participation in the SOCPR. Results indicated that experience of services embodying system-of-care principles at a high level was associated with lower symptom and impairment scores one year after entry into services. Children in systems of care were rated to have experienced high levels of system-of-care principles implemented within their services, and their symptom severity and functional impairment did not vary as a function of their experiences. Children in matched comparison communities had more variable rated experiences of system-of-care principles within their services, and their symptom severity and functional impairment decreased as their experiences of the principles increased.     

Freedom and Borderline Experience

In–depth interviews with 52 diverse informants about their experience of freedom reveal a devaluation of freedom relative to money and power. The way in which many of these informants conceptualize freedom has a borderline quality to it—a term that refers to borderline personality disorder, but which is conceptualized here as a cultural construct similar to that of the culture of narcissism, as Christopher Lasch called it. The conclusion speculates about why informants see the world in this way.     

Women and Men Go to University: Mathematical Background and Gender Differences in Choice of Field in Higher Education

Gender segregation in higher education is well documented. Female students major in mathematics, technology, and sciences less often than men, and they concentrate in humanities and social sciences. Using multinomial logit on the 6,139 applicants to Tel Aviv University in Israel in 1994, I examined the claim that one of the roots of gender segregation in higher education lies in course-taking patterns in high school. The main findings are as follows: Women are underrepresented among the applicants to the mathematics-related fields of study; mathematical background in high school is particularly effective in narrowing the gender gap in applying to selective and attractive, but not mathematically related, fields of study at the university; women rely on high qualifications more than men when applying to selective and male-dominated fields of study. Several explanations of the findings will be discussed.     

A path-analytic strategy to analyze psychoanalytic treatment effects

This paper introduces a path-analytic strategy to analyze psychoanalytic treatment effects. A simple causal model is used to analyze a well-known case study by Charles Brenner. Application of even this simple model to the case study sharpens causal inferences that may be validly made, highlights important aspects of the psychoanalytic process and builds a foundation for further model development.     

Reference dependence in cumulative prospect theory

A central feature of (cumulative) prospect theory is reference dependence, i.e. the value function depends on gains and losses relative to a status quo and not on final wealth positions as in expected utility theory. Until now, all theoretical work on prospect theory only considered a fixed status quo. In this case, however, reference dependence and the dependence of the value function on final wealth positions are equivalent concepts, at least if the status quo is known. In order to identify the differences between both concepts, an axiomatization of cumulative prospect theory is developed which allows for a variable status quo. In this framework a preference condition can be formulated which discriminates between reference dependence and the dependence on final wealth positions. Furthermore, this framework allows one to analyze in which way the shape of the value and weighting functions change with increasing status quo. With respect to this question several hypotheses are defined and characterized in terms of preference conditions.     

Gender Studies in Post-Soviet Society: Western Frames and Cultural Differences

This article is devoted to theexploration of some trends in gender studies incontemporary Russia and is based on ourresearch and teaching in the field over thecourse of seven years. The main concepts ofgender research – gender, feminism,women's subjectivity – were introduced to theRussian public early in 1990s; Russian genderstudies began to develop as a whole due to theapplication of Western concepts and theories.The article examines the growth of genderstudies over the last 10 years, contextualdifferences as well as theoretical approachesin Russian gender studies as these have arisenin the context of the `Russia – West'dichotomy.