内隐学习研究的核心方法——人工语法范式

本文是对近三十年来内隐学习的核心研究方法--人工语法范式--的一个总结.文章分三个部分,分别介绍了人工语法范式的三个要素.第一部分介绍了学习材料要素,即限定状态语法和双条件语法.第二部分介绍了指导语要素,着重讲解了它的实验性分离功能.第三部分介绍了程序要素,伴随内隐学习研究问题的深入和复杂化趋势,循序演绎了研究者对人工语法范式程序所做的调整.     

真实记忆与虚假记忆中的生命性效应研究

本研究采用DRM范式,探讨了生命性对真实和虚假记忆的影响。实验1使用类别呈现词语强化类别加工,实验2伪随机呈现词语弱化类别加工并进行即时及延时探测。结果发现：（1）当强化类别加工时,生命性和类别对击中率有相类似的促进效应;（2）当弱化类别加工并进行即时探测时,生命性对击中率的促进作用最强;（3）类别效应促进真实记忆和虚假记忆,但生命性效应仅促进了真实记忆,而不影响虚假记忆的产生;（4）在即时与延时探测中均发现类别效应和生命性效应。本研究证明了：（1）生命性效应的作用机制不同于类别效应;（2）生命性效应对真实和虚假记忆的作用机制不同;（3）类别效应和生命性效应的存在时效长达24小时,但是生命性效应的衰退速度较快。     

一个临床医生所遭遇的尴尬

学习自然辩证法的好处之一,就是使得一个多年从事临床医疗实践的医生获得了一个宝贵的机会,可以静下心来从理性和哲学的高度来思考问题,而不是整日沉溺于病人、手术之类的繁琐事物中。然而,通过对医患关系的本质的思考,以及对医学临床当中一些现象的分析,比如,医生和病人对截肢术的不同想法,并上升到哲学高度对医学范式进行了讨论,竟引发出令人困惑的哲学尴尬。最终感到,“以人为本”的思想才是解决困惑的利器。     

反事实思维对行人交通安全行为意向的影响

反事实思维是对过去发生事情进行否定而产生的假设性思维表征,对行为改变和绩效改善有显著影响。因此,作为一种重要的认知策略,反事实思维常常被用于行为干预的研究。本研究采用单因素(反事实启动/经验启动)被试间实验设计,以4种常见的行人不安全行为为实验材料,运用顺序启动范式的语义启动分别激活自变量的两个水平,将遵守交通规则行为意向的评分和反应时双变量作为因变量指标,探索反事实思维对行人安全行为的促进作用。结果表明:与基线水平和经验启动相比,反事实启动诱导产生的行人交通安全行为意向更加积极,并且产生的自动化水平更高。文章最后讨论了研究的理论意义和对安全管理实践的启发。     

实践主体与马克思哲学的生存维度

当代哲学正在发生整体性历史性转型,即生存论的转向,这种转向既是对当代人类生存困境所面临的问题的理论自觉,又是对一个半世纪前马克思开启的生存论哲学的思想发掘和当代阐释。但是,当代西方哲学无论是对当代人类的生存难题的理论求解还是对马克思哲学生存论的当代诠释都具有片面性和主观性。这是因为当代西方哲学生存论的解析视角都离异了马克思的实践主体维度。主体性和实践性是马克思哲学的两大基石,马克思哲学本质上就是实践主体哲学。马克思实践主体哲学生存论认为,人的主体性、实践性是理解人类生存问题的根本前提,无论是人类现实面临的生存困境还是人类最终摆脱现实的异化的生存境遇,本质上都是主体实践的自我生成和自我扬弃的过程。     

区块与事件相关混合设计:一种新的fMRI研究范式

本文在对区块设计和事件相关设计进行简要回顾的基础上,介绍了当前fMRI研究中一种新的研究范式——区块与事件相关混合设计。这种研究范式能够有效地分离认知加工过程中持久的、状态相关的过程与短暂的、项目相关的过程,并且已经在fMRI研究中得到了初步的应用。文章最后指出了使用这种研究范式时需要注意的一些问题,并且指出了其在认知科学研究中的应用前景。     

Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity

Prior research shows that social rejection elicits aggression. In this study, we investigated whether this effect is moderated by individual differences in Rejection sensitivity (RS)—a processing disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive and overreact to rejection. Participants (N = 129) took part in a purported web-based social interaction in which they were either rejected or not by a potential partner. Subsequently, they were given the opportunity to allocate hot sauce to the perpetrator, knowing that he/she disliked spicy food. Amount of hot sauce was used as a behavioral index of aggression. Participants in the rejection condition allocated more hot sauce to the perpetrator than those in the control condition. However, RS moderated this effect such that rejection elicited aggression in high but not in low RS people. These results held after controlling for trait neuroticism. Implications of these findings for understanding how and why rejection elicits aggression are discussed.     

Worlds within Worlds: Kabbalah and the New Scientific Paradigm

Beginning with relativity and quantum theory, the deterministic view that has dominated and shaped Western culture for more than 2,500 years has begun to unravel, leading to the emergence of a new paradigm. This new paradigm effectively reformulates the project of science, conceiving of existence as an interpenetrating web of coevolving, cocreative relationships. By exploring Kabbalah and the new scientific paradigm within the context of shared evolutionary principles, I seek to demonstrate a viable alternative to the prevailing deterministic worldview. By going beyond the limits of determinism and re–visioning existence as an evolutionary, emergent phenomenon, we can establish a new basis for an authentic dialogue between science and religion.     

Peek-a-who? Exploring the dynamics of early communication with an interactive partner swap paradigm and state space grid visualization

Effective caregiver-infant communication occurs when interactive partners successfully coordinate multiple modalities (e.g., body movements, affect, eye gaze). The complex interplay of multiple modalities during caregiver-infant interactions is difficult to capture, which has made a comprehensive, evidence-based understanding of caregiver-infant communication difficult to achieve. We present a novel methodological approach to address this challenge by combining an Interactive Partner Swap (IPS) paradigm with a longitudinal design, detailed multimodal coding, and data visualization via state space grids (SSGs). We demonstrate the utility of our approach by presenting three sets of SSGs which reveal both dyadic flexibility and stability in caregiver-infant peek-a-boo interactions across three levels: micro (moment-to-moment), meso (interactive context), and macro (infant development). By using SSGs to explore the patterns that hold and others that differ systematically across interactive partner and infant development, our novel approach promises to offer critical first steps to creating a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of early multimodal communication.     

Epistemological premise, developmental idea, main motivation in Jung's and Kohut's psychoanalysis: looking for some analogies

We are living the passage from the positivistic ideal to a new cultural climate which may be called post-modernism, subjectivism or perspectivism and in which we have lost the conviction that it is possible to reach an absolute knowledge. This climate can become a strong stimulus to a dialogue and a comparison among different psychoanalytical schools and between psychoanalysis and empirical research to find some of the reference points we need in our work. In my paper I will compare self psychology and analytic psychology in order to point out several strong analogies. Firstly, they are based on the same methodological option which gathers knowledge through an empathic understanding 'from within'. According to both Jung and Kohut the individual has within himself a psycho-biological potential, an individual pre-formed core that asks to evolve completely: the central motivation of human beings is the realization of their own individuality. This shared theoretical and epistemological ground conveys convergences in the clinical field between the two disciplines (interpretation of dreams, respect of resistance, diminishing attitude regarding sexual drives, etc.) and specifically determines an attitude of the analyst, which respects the individual process of development, which pays attention to the inner experience, and which gives importance to the analyst's and the patient's subjective experience.