Transition to a new global paradigm of development and the role of the united nations in this process

In his 2011 Laszlo, E. (2011). Global bifurcation: The decision window. Journal of Globalization Studies, 2(2), pp. 3–6. [Google Scholar] article “Global Bifurcation: The Decision Window” Ervin Laszlo notes that “we have reached a watershed in our social and cultural evolution. The sciences of systems tell us that when complex open systems … approach a condition of critical instability, they face a moment of truth: they either transform or break down.” (p. 108) In this article we provide our own vision of this Global Bifurcation. This work stems naturally from the research highlighted in the article titled “Transition to Crisis-Free Development: A Myth or Reality?” that was published in World Futures (Bondarenko, 2014a Bondarenko, V. (2014a). Transition to crisis-free development: A myth or reality? World Futures, 70, 93–119.[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). In our new article, we move forward suggesting that crises-free development is not only possible but is also very likely, and paradoxically the world is now going through the most challenging transition from one paradigm of development to another. Based on our previous research as well as the findings of the Fifth Report to the Club of Rome, we suggest reasons for the development and implementation of a megaproject featuring a new model of life so as to make the paradigm shift possible, exclude negative implications of the upcoming technological “singularity,” and foster the achievement of an objectively defined goal of development, and this should reasonably require support from and direct involvement of the United Nations. The mechanism for implementation of this model suggests coordinating interests of the government, society, and business communities on each level with interests of particular individuals.     

Commission errors in delay–execute prospective memory tasks

Individuals frequently retrieve an intention, but the execution of the task needs to be delayed due to ongoing task demands - so-called delay-execute prospective memory (PM) tasks. We investigated commission errors in the delay-execute paradigm. Participants were told that a PM task is finished (PM task has been executed and is now finished for a final phase) or cancelled (PM task has been cancelled immediately after introduction). We observed commission errors and ongoing task performance in the final phase which included several irrelevant PM cues. In two experiments, we observed significantly more commission errors for cancelled compared to the finished intentions. In Experiment 2, commission errors were eliminated if the final phase required divided attention, regardless of PM task status. In addition, we observed significantly more PM cue interference on the ongoing task in the cancelled compared to the finished group, indicating that the PM task was retrieved in the cancelled group but not in the finished group. As retrieval and execution of the PM task were separated by a delay, the results indicate that commission errors are not always the result of a quick, spontaneous retrieval-execution sequence and may also occur when retrieval and execution are temporally separated.     

Automatic attentional orienting to other people’s gaze in schizophrenia

Explicit tests of social cognition have revealed pervasive deficits in schizophrenia. Less is known of automatic social cognition in schizophrenia. We used a spatial orienting task to investigate automatic shifts of attention cued by another person’s eye gaze in 29 patients and 28 controls. Central photographic images of a face with eyes shifted left or right, or looking straight ahead, preceded targets that appeared left or right of the cue. To examine automatic effects, cue direction was non-predictive of target location. Cue–target intervals were 100, 300, and 800?ms. In non-social control trials, arrows replaced eye-gaze cues. Both groups showed automatic attentional orienting indexed by faster reaction times (RTs) when arrows were congruent with target location across all cue–target intervals. Similar congruency effects were seen for eye-shift cues at 300 and 800?ms intervals, but patients showed significantly larger congruency effects at 800?ms, which were driven by delayed responses to incongruent target locations. At short 100-ms cue–target intervals, neither group showed faster RTs for congruent than for incongruent eye-shift cues, but patients were significantly slower to detect targets after direct-gaze cues. These findings conflict with previous studies using schematic line drawings of eye-shifts that have found automatic attentional orienting to be reduced in schizophrenia. Instead, our data indicate that patients display abnormalities in responding to gaze direction at various stages of gaze processing—reflected by a stronger preferential capture of attention by another person’s direct eye contact at initial stages of gaze processing and difficulties disengaging from a gazed-at location once shared attention is established.     

Adaptive constructive processes: evidence from priming verbal reasoning with false memories

Previous research has demonstrated that false memories produced by the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm serve adaptive functions both in related memory tasks and in various cognitive processes. The present study investigated whether memory errors induced by associated words could influence performance on verbal reasoning tasks. Participants were asked to solve sentence-based verbal reasoning problems, half of which had been primed by the presentation of word lists where the critical lures were also the solutions to the problems. The results showed that when false memories were generated, problems were solved more often and significantly faster than those that were primed without false memories or those that were unprimed, and that there was no evidence that the effect of priming with false memories observed in experiments was due to testing effects. The findings extend false memory priming effects to verbal reasoning processes, providing evidence with adaptive constructive processes.     

建言行为的理论机制及未来研究展望

自Van Dyne和LePine把建言行为引入到组织行为学(OB)领域之后,这一概念便成为理论界研究的热点问题。经过系统梳理,本文提出了建言行为以往研究三种范式的整合框架,即人际风险观、责任义务观和价值信念观。并且,基于控制论(Control Theory)的视角,本文从个体建言内容产生、建言行为目的、个体建言是否被采纳、建言实施四个环节进行系统展望,提出了未来建言行为相关研究的方向。     

单字法有意遗忘的内部心理机制：基于多项式加工树模型的分析

通过构建使用单个汉语双字词作为学习材料,并在测验阶段全面考察记忆提取过程的多项式加工树模型,探究单字法有意遗忘的心理机制。结果发现,对于TBF/R项目,遗忘组的储存能力和提取能力均弱于记忆组;对于TBR/R项目,遗忘组的储存能力强于记忆组。并且,无论在短SOA还是长SOA条件下,遗忘组对TBF项目后探测刺激的反应时都显著长于TBR项目。结果表明,单字法有意遗忘现象是选择性复述、注意抑制和提取抑制三种机制共同作用的结果。     

预期错误在恐惧记忆更新中的作用与机制

依据错误驱动的学习理论,行为预期结果与实际结果之间的不匹配即预期错误(Predictionerror,PE)是学习产生的驱动因素。作为显著性信息中的一种,预期错误和物理显著性、惊讶、新异性等存在信息加工阶段的不同,与记忆更新的关系也有差异。近年来,记忆再巩固干预范式(reconsolidation interference)被证明可用于人类条件性恐惧记忆的更新,其中记忆提取激活阶段所包含的预期错误起到了引发记忆“去稳定”、开启记忆再巩固的关键作用。在促进恐惧记忆更新的行为机制上,PE被认为是记忆去稳定的必要非充分条件。记忆提取必须包含适量的PE,但其引发的是记忆去稳定、消退还是中间状态,还需结合记忆本身性质确定。在促进恐惧记忆更新的神经机制上,杏仁核、导水管周围灰质(PAG)、海马均在PE探测和计算过程中具有重要作用;前额叶皮层(PFC)及其亚区在PE开启记忆再巩固过程中扮演了重要角色。上述过程又受到神经系统中特定神经递质的重要调节,尤其是多巴胺能和谷氨酸能。未来研究应进一步探索基于PE计算模型的量化研究,整合PE与其他边界条件的交互作用,考察不同类型显著性在记忆再巩固中的作用等;并亟...     

Alcohol and aggression: A test of the affect-arousal hypothesis

Forty-eight male social drinkers participated in a study designed to test the interaction between prevailing mood and alcohol on aggressive behavior in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Half of the subjects underwent a positive mood-induction procedure, while the other half underwent a negative mood-induction procedure. Within each of these conditions, one-third of the subjects received 1.32 ml/kg of 95% ethanol, one-third received placebo drinks, and the rest remained sober. Aggression was measured using a modified version of the Buss aggression machine. Results indicated that subjects receiving alcohol were significantly more aggressive than placebo or sober subjects. The mood-induction procedure, while significantly altering affect, did not affect aggressive responding. These findings are discussed with respect to levels of blood-alcohol and alcohol-aggression theories.     

Evidence that resident male albino rats are not immune to attacks by conspecific intruders

Offensive behaviors were exhibited by adult intact- and castrated-male Sprague-Dawley rats introduced into established home-cages of male conspecifics. Implications of this result for Adams' [1976] model of intraspecific fighting are presented.