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71.
Cynthia J. Pietras Andrew E. Brandt Gabriel D. Searcy 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2010,93(1):5-26
An experiment with adult humans investigated the effects of response‐contingent money loss (response‐cost punishment) on monetary‐reinforced responding. A yoked‐control procedure was used to separate the effects on responding of the response‐cost contingency from the effects of reduced reinforcement density. Eight adults pressed buttons for money on a three‐component multiple reinforcement schedule. During baseline, responding in all components produced money gains according to a random‐interval 20‐s schedule. During punishment conditions, responding during the punishment component conjointly produced money losses according to a random‐interval schedule. The value of the response‐cost schedule was manipulated across conditions to systematically evaluate the effects on responding of response‐cost frequency. Participants were assigned to one of two yoked‐control conditions. For participants in the Yoked Punishment group, during punishment conditions money losses were delivered in the yoked component response independently at the same intervals that money losses were produced in the punishment component. For participants in the Yoked Reinforcement group, responding in the yoked component produced the same net earnings as produced in the punishment component. In 6 of 8 participants, contingent response cost selectively decreased response rates in the punishment component and the magnitude of the decrease was directly related to the punishment schedule value. Under punishment conditions, for participants in the Yoked Punishment group response rates in the yoked component also decreased, but the decrease was less than that observed in the punishment component, whereas for participants in the Yoked Reinforcement group response rates in the yoked component remained similar to rates in the no‐punishment component. These results provide further evidence that contingent response cost functions similarly to noxious punishers in that it appears to suppress responding apart from its effects on reinforcement density. 相似文献
72.
Episodic memory deficit is the hallmark of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). There is, however, an overlap in performance among patients with aMCI and elderly controls (EC). The memory deficit in aMCI therefore needs to be better characterized. Studies have shown that associative memory is selectively impaired in aMCI, and recent work suggested that aMCI may be hypersensitive to semantic proactive interference (PI). It is not known whether this increased PI is related to associative or semantic impairment. EC (n = 44) and patients with aMCI (n = 30) performed two tasks presenting a gradually increasing PI effect across four lists. One task used semantic cueing, the other phonological cueing. We controlled for associative memory by introducing it as a covariate and by matching our subjects for it. Patients with aMCI had a greater PI effect than EC matched for associative memory, regardless of the type of cueing. The increased PI effect in patients with aMCI is independent of their associative and semantic impairment. 相似文献
73.
汉-英双语者言语理解中语码切换的机制——来自亚词汇水平的证据 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
以汉字义符和英文词后缀为对象,考察了汉-英双语者语码切换的机制及切换代价的来源。结果表明:(1)在亚词汇水平上,汉字义符和英文词后缀影响字词认知的过程,但对语码切换代价的影响不显著,支持语码切换与任务转换的发生机制相同的观点。(2)语言熟练程度是影响语码切换代价及切换代价不对称性的主要原因。整个研究表明,在亚词汇水平上,语码切换与任务转换的实质相同。参考任务转换中切换代价的来源,归纳了语码切换代价的可能来源。 相似文献
74.
75.
论医疗权及其实践 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
董雷 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2005,26(4):49-50
患者的医疗权可以表现为宪法上的应然权利和实践中的实然权利.在具体医疗实践中,患者获得公正、必须和费用节省的医疗服务的权利,是以患者支付医疗费用为前提的.在特定情况下,虽然患者无支付能力,也可以享有医疗权.患者有拒绝医疗的权利. 相似文献
76.
当前我国医患关系的思考 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
手术同意书使用范围的扩大化是目前医患关系紧张的一个表现,患者医疗费用负担过重、医患间缺少沟通、医疗保障制度建设滞后是医患关系紧张的主要原因,解决上述问题是建立和谐医患关系的关键。 相似文献
77.
Germán Gálvez-García Javiera Peña Javier Albayay Henri Cohen 《Journal of motor behavior》2019,51(3):239-244
We investigated the extent to which a complex finger sequence impacts on hand switching costs in a sequential action. Response component latencies (premotor, motor, and movement) were compared in no-switch (same finger performed the action of pressing and reaching) and switch conditions (pressing with one finger and completing the reaching action with the homologous finger from the other hand). Results showed that the switch condition presented longer latency for premotor and movement components. For the motor component, however, switch condition was faster. This expands the previous literature investigating switching costs using simple finger movements in more complex tasks. A mechanical explanation of the interplay between response subcomponents is provided to explain the inversion of response pattern for the motor component. 相似文献
78.
Sunk Cost and Commitment to Dates Arranged Online 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Martin D. Coleman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(1):45-54
The influence of prior, irretrievable, investment (sunk cost) on commitment to a date arranged online was investigated. Participants
were recruited from an undergraduate population. There were 145 participants (86 female) with a mean age of 19.42 years. Participants
took part in a computer simulation of the process of arranging a date online. Participants invested one of five amounts of
sunk cost into this process. Participants were then presented with the choice of attending the date arranged online or attending
a (superior) blind date. Participants chose how much time that they wanted to commit to the (inferior) date arranged online.
Results revealed a significant sunk cost effect (p = 0.003). The implications of the sunk cost effect having an influence over human relationships are discussed. 相似文献
79.
Practice not only affects how information is processed, but also which information is processed. The Information-Reduction
Hypothesis (i.e. Haider & Frensch, 1996) holds that — with practice — irrelevant task information (i.e. information that is
not logically needed to correctly perform the task) is discarded from processing. Recently, Gaschler and Frensch (2007) have
demonstrated that Information Reduction is not affected by the frequency with which individual task configurations are presented:
well-practiced and little-practiced irrelevant task configurations are discarded at the same point in time during practice;
Information Reduction is thus an item-general phenomenon. These findings suggest that Information Reduction is at least in
part a consequence of top-down, voluntary control. In the present research, we ask how tasks can be constructed such that
Information Reduction is avoided. Our results show that item-general Information Reduction is observed even when it leads
to severe processing costs (i.e. errors). On the whole, the present results are in line with models of skill acquisition incorporating
top-down modulation (e.g. Haider & Frensch, 2002) and are incompatible with purely data-driven accounts of skill acquisition
(e.g. Logan, 1988; Nosofski & Palmeri, 1997; Palmeri, 1997; Rickard, 2004). 相似文献
80.
Patricia M. Meinhold Ph.D. James A. Mulick Ph.D. J. M. Teodoro M.A. 《Journal of child and family studies》1994,3(4):389-401
Decision-making in special educational settings is always based on an implicit process of assessing risks, costs, and benefits of proposed alternative program options. We urge decision-makers to make the process explicit. The hidden costs of IEP decisions are discussed in the context of the question of using aversive procedures to treat severe destructive behavior. Some agency decisions result in significant cost transfer to or generation of risks and costs for families. The experiences of one family involved in a due process proceeding with a school system are examined for evidence of burdensome psychological, social and financial consequences. 相似文献