Do egalitarians always help the disadvantaged more than the advantaged? Testing a value‐norm conflict hypothesis in Malaysia

Do egalitarians always express greater compassion toward the disadvantaged than toward the advantaged? A closer look at existing scholarship on the topic suggests that they likely do. Here, we investigated whether such tendency is also apparent within interdependent, high power distance cultures where the high‐status privilege prevails. Given the emphasis on harmony in social relations in interdependent cultures, we reasoned that egalitarians might experience a dissonance between their private equity values and a societal norm prescribing high‐status privilege, which we refer to as the value‐norm conflict. We therefore proposed and found evidence in Malaysia (N = 273) that egalitarians succumbed to the normative high‐status privilege in their culture: They displayed greater compassion towards higher than lower status victims, but only when the political cost of doing so was low. Interestingly, anti‐egalitarians displayed equitable levels of compassion for high‐ and low‐status victims, but only when the political cost for taking such action also was low. Hence, we show that even egalitarians can, at times, favor the privileged and that anti‐egalitarians can act equitably, so long as the political cost of doing so is trivial for them.     

实施临床路径管理 构建和谐医患关系

医患和谐是医患双方的共同需要,通过时单病种乳腺癌改良根治术等10个单病种临床路径与成本控制绩效分析,评价患者的满意效果。收集整理2006年7月至2007年12月10个单病种的统计信息,以其手术并发症发生率、平均住院天数、平均住院费用、患者满意率等作为评价指标,将实验组（应用临床路径和成本控制组）和对照组（未应用临床路径和成本控制组）进行对比分析。结果显示,应用临床路径和成本控制的患者与未应用这一方式的患者之间在手术并发症发生率、平均住院时间、平均住院费用、患者满意率方面有统计学显著差异。提示单病种临床路径和成本控制模式应用于临床管理,可以明显促进CQI（Continuous Quality Improvement持续性质量改进）,缩短平均住院时间,降低住院费用,提高患者满意率,并从根本上改善医患关系。     

The effects of a seatbelt-gearshift delay prompt on the seatbelt use of motorists who do not regularly wear seatbelts

A seatbelt-gearshift delay was evaluated in two U.S. and three Canadian vehicles using a reversal design. The seatbelt-gearshift delay required unbelted drivers either to buckle their seatbelts or to wait a specified time before they could put the vehicle in gear. After collecting behavioral prebaseline data, a data logger was installed in all five vehicles to collect automated data on seatbelt use. Next the seatbelt-gearshift delay was introduced. The results showed that the delay increased all 5 drivers' seatbelt use, and that the duration of the delay that produced relatively consistent seatbelt use varied across drivers from 5 to 20 s. When the device was deactivated in four of the five vehicles, behavior returned to baseline levels.     

Preference-based escalation: A new interpretation for the responsibility effect in escalating commitment and entrapment

A prominent finding in escalating commitment and entrapment research is the “responsibility effect”: people invest more in a losing course of action or persist with it for longer if they themselves initiated this action (responsibility) as opposed to if it was assigned to them. We argue that this effect is driven by participants’ preferences. Responsible participants usually prefer the chosen alternative since they have chosen it themselves. Non-responsible participants, in contrast, represent a mix of persons who either favor or disfavor the chosen alternative. In two experiments, we demonstrate that responsible participants favor the chosen course of action more strongly than non-responsible participants do, that these preferences facilitate reinvestment in and persistence with the chosen course of action, and that responsibility has no effect over and above this effect of preferences. Non-responsible participants preferring the chosen course of action made similar reinvestments and exhibited similar persistence as responsible participants.     

早期气管切开对非肺部疾病长期机械通气患者的影响

为了评价早期气管切开对非肺部疾病长期机械通气患者的影响,我们回顾性分析158例非肺部疾病长期机械通气患者,根据气管切开时间的早晚（气管插管7天为界）分为早期气管切开组（n=88）和延迟气管切开组（n=70）。比较两组患者的抗生素使用时间、镇静剂和镇痛剂用量、病死率、医院获得性肺炎发生率等。结果显示早期气管切开可以明显缩短患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间,降低抗生素使用天数、减少镇痛剂的用量,降低总住院费用。所以,非肺部疾病长期机械通气患者可以从早期气管切开中获益。     

高危型人类乳头瘤病毒对子宫颈癌筛查的意义

高危型人类乳头瘤病毒（HR—HPV）感染是宫颈癌发生的必要条件,本文就是否将HR—HPV纳入宫颈癌筛查进行探讨。通过对我院行宫颈癌筛查的2505例患者资料分析,结果显示对于经济条件良好或有宫颈癌高危因素的女性,细胞学检查（TCT）联合HR—HPV检测做为宫颈癌的初筛,其临床效益大于成本收益。     

Food and water intake as functions of resource consumption costs in a closed economy.

In two experiments, rats living in a closed economy were offered continuous, concurrent access to four resources: food, water, a nest, and a running wheel. Costs of consuming food and water were imposed with bar-press requirements, and the price of either one or both resources was raised. As the consumption cost increased, less was consumed in each bout of resource use. Bout frequency increased, but not sufficiently to compensate for the fall in bout size, and total intake fell. Food and water tended to be complementary resources, in that as intake of one fell with its price, intake of the other also decreased. This interaction was accounted for by the defense of the ratio of body water to lean body mass. As amount consumed decreased, increases in feed efficiency (weight gain per unit of food ingested) and the use of stored calories compensated for the reduced energy intake. There was evidence of competition between feeding and drinking at the higher costs: When both commodities were expensive, the decline in the intake of each one was greater than when only one commodity was expensive. Although the time spent nesting, running, and in unmonitored activity was adjusted when feeding or drinking took more of the rat's day, there was no particular activity that was sacrificed.     

语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制

语篇理解加工过程的一个重要环节就是对不同类型的指代词进行解释。首先介绍了指代词在语篇中的分布规律和对局部语篇连贯性的影响;其次,分析了话语信息结构和韵律特征在指代词加工中的作用;然后,揭示了语篇当中不同类型的指代词分布规律的心理机制;最后。对以前指代词研究的贡献和有待解决的问题进行了评述,并指出了几个可行的研究方法。     

去抑制的认知神经机制:一项事件相关电位研究

个体在不同任务间进行灵活切换时,不仅需要抑制任务无关信息,也需要在适当的时候解除先前的抑制,即去抑制,该过程产生的代价称为去抑制代价。尽管研究者采用多种范式研究了去抑制的认知过程,但其神经机制并不清楚。本研究采用ERP残差迭代分解技术考察了41名大学生被试在改编的停止信号任务中去抑制的认知神经机制,该技术可以减少个体内差异和噪声影响,更清晰地揭示不同认知过程的脑电特征。在任务中,当N-1试次出现停止信号时,N试次在刺激重复条件下的反应时长于刺激切换条件,反映了去抑制代价。脑电结果显示,去抑制效应最早出现于P1和N1成分,反映了注意门控机制在去抑制中的作用;去抑制过程也诱发了较小的N2/P3波幅以及较长的P3/R-cluster潜伏期,反映了自上而下的认知控制以及运动反应过程。