辨别作业难度对返回抑制时间进程的影响

在返回抑制范式下,利用线索一靶子模式和辨别作业进行了两个实验,探讨辨别作业难度对返回抑制的影响。以大学生为被试。实验一对辨别作业难度采用组间设计;实验二采用组内设计。结果发现,无论是组间比较(实验一),还是组内比较(实验二)．复杂辨别作业条件下返回抑制出现时间均比简单辨别作业晚,表明作业难度对返回抑制的时间进程有显著影响。该结果对返回抑制的机制研究有一定的意义。     

婴儿问题解决行为的特点与发展

采用标准化的实验室测验法 ,考察了 8～ 11个月婴儿问题解决过程中的行为表现与策略特点、注意力集中水平及其与问题解决成效的关系。结果表明 :(1)在问题解决过程中 ,婴儿的尝试行为及方法的有效性水平都呈逐步上升的趋势。在初次面临问题情境时 ,所有 8个月组婴儿不能有效解决问题 ,但到 11个月时 ,6 1 5 %的婴儿已能正确解决问题 ;(2 )在问题解决过程中 ,婴儿的注意力集中水平在 8～ 11个月间显著提高 ;(3)婴儿注意集中水平与其解决问题的成效显著相关。     

Cognitive and behavioral attention in children with math difficulties

Cognitive assessments and behavioral ratings of attention were used to examine the relation of inattention to math performance in children. Third grade students with math difficulties (MD; n?=?17) and math and reading difficulties (MDRD; n?=?35) were administered the Attentional Network Test (ANT), as well as achievement and intelligence measures. Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-Behavior-IV (SWAN-IV) Inattention ratings were collected from teachers. Two comparison groups were also recruited: a typically achieving group (n?=?23) and a group that responded to a math-tutoring intervention (responders; n?=?54). On the ANT, children with MD and MDRD did not perform significantly different than typically achieving children or responders on measures of alerting and orienting attention and executive control. All subgroups did demonstrate performance patterns that were expected on the ANT. However, performance across blocks of the task was inconsistent, suggesting poor reliability. There were no relations between ANT performance and SWAN-IV behavioral inattention scores, though behavioral ratings of inattention correlated significantly with math performance. Children with MD and MDRD may have more difficulty with distraction and attention to detail in contextual situations, as opposed to impulsive responding in these settings. The lack of relation between cognitive attention and math performance may suggest that either the ANT does not assess the relevant attention constructs associated with math difficulties or may parallel studies of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in which cognitive and behavioral assessments are weakly related.     

State emotional clarity and attention to emotion: a naturalistic examination of their associations with each other,affect, and context

ABSTRACT

Despite emotional clarity and attention to emotion being dynamic in nature, research has largely focused on their trait forms. We examined the association between state and trait forms of these two constructs, and how they are related to affect intensity and two contextual variables: Social context and significant event occurrence. Seventy-nine adults recruited from the community reported eight times a day for a week on the extent to which they were clear about their emotions, attended to their emotions, levels of affect intensity, the number of people with whom they were interacting, and whether a significant event had occurred. State clarity and attention were positively associated, demonstrating a moderate relation similar to that of their trait forms. Trait and state attention, but not trait and state clarity, were significantly positively associated. Positive and negative affect were quadratically associated with clarity and attention, with the highest levels of affect intensity reported at high levels of clarity and attention. Clarity and attention were positively associated with increasing numbers of people with whom people were interacting. Attention and clarity were elevated when significant events occurred – especially during positive events. We discuss the findings in the context of functional adaptation theories of emotion.     

Effectiveness of Noncontingent Attention to Decrease Attention-Maintained Disruptive Behaviors in the General Education Classroom

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of noncontingent attention (NCA) on disruptive talking-out behavior in a student diagnosed with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in the general education classroom. Functional analysis indicated that the talking-out behavior was maintained by teacher attention. We used an ABAB design in which the teacher implemented NCA. Results indicated that the strategy decreased the participant's talking-out behavior. Furthermore, social validity data indicated that the participant was able to spend more time on-task. Results and implications for research and practice are discussed.     

纯小数加工的心理机制:选择通达还是平行通达?

采用数字线索提示的目标觉察范式,以60名在校大学生与研究生为被试,设计3个实验探讨纯小数(整数部分是零的小数,例如0.2)的加工及其与空间表征的联系。实验1探讨纯小数作为线索时是否能引起空间注意的空间-数字反应编码联合效应(Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes,SNARC),结果发现,纯小数数量大小的加工可以引起空间注意的SNARC效应;实验2探讨纯小数的加工是否会同时激活小数点后对应的自然数,结果发现,对纯小数数量大小相同、小数点后对应的自然数是否有0(例如0.2和0.20,0.4和0.40)的加工能引起空间注意的转移;实验3比较纯小数的加工对纯小数本身及小数点后对应的自然数激活强度,结果发现,在纯小数数量大小判断和纯小数小数点后对应的自然数数量大小判断冲突的条件下,纯小数的加工未能引起注意的SNARC效应。该研究结果表明,在目标觉察范式中,纯小数的加工采取了平行通达的方式,引发了注意的SNARC效应,并且纯小数空间注意的转移受到纯小数本身以及对应的自然数的影响。     

The role of crossmodal competition and dimensional overlap in crossmodal attention switching

Crossmodal selective attention was investigated in a cued task switching paradigm using bimodal visual and auditory stimulation. A cue indicated the imperative modality. Three levels of spatial S–R associations were established following perceptual (location), structural (numerical), and conceptual (verbal) set-level compatibility. In Experiment 1, participants switched attention between the auditory and visual modality either with a spatial-location or spatial-numerical stimulus set. In the spatial-location set, participants performed a localization judgment on left vs. right presented stimuli, whereas the spatial-numerical set required a magnitude judgment about a visually or auditorily presented number word. Single-modality blocks with unimodal stimuli were included as a control condition. In Experiment 2, the spatial-numerical stimulus set was replaced by a spatial-verbal stimulus set using direction words (e.g., “left”). RT data showed modality switch costs, which were asymmetric across modalities in the spatial-numerical and spatial-verbal stimulus set (i.e., larger for auditory than for visual stimuli), and congruency effects, which were asymmetric primarily in the spatial-location stimulus set (i.e., larger for auditory than for visual stimuli). This pattern of effects suggests task-dependent visual dominance.     

Early Positive Information Impacts Final Evaluations: No Deliberation‐Without‐Attention Effect and a Test of a Dynamic Judgment Model

Evaluation judgments were affected by information order and not by subsequent unconscious versus conscious deliberation. In three experiments, we examined the influence of early positive information on final evaluations of four objects. Based on a task analysis, we predicted primacy effects in judgments in a sequential data acquisition task. Thinking periods following presentation were used to manipulate conscious or unconscious processing. In all three studies, we found no effects of thinking manipulations but instead found reliable order effects. We developed and tested an online judgment model on the basis of the belief updating model of Hogarth and Einhorn. The model accounted for large proportion of the individual level variability, and model comparison tests supported the presence of a primacy effect. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

4—6岁幼儿图画书自主阅读过程中文字注视的眼动研究

儿童早期的文字意识是儿童阅读能力发展最重要的两个预测变量之一,在幼儿时期表现为对文字的关注。研究以121名4-6岁幼儿为被试,采用TobiiT60眼动仪记录幼儿在图画书阅读过程中对文字注视的眼动。结果发现:1.幼儿在自主阅读情境下仍然首先关注图画、在阅读过程中主要关注图画,自主阅读情境中幼儿对文字的注视时间比例和注视次数比例远高于亲子阅读情境中的比例。2.年龄和文字面积是幼儿图画书自主阅读中文字注视的核心影响因素,幼儿对文字的注视比例随着年龄的增长而不断提高,文字面积通过年龄对幼儿的文字注视起作用。3.幼儿早期阅读能力经历了从图画到文字的发展过程,学前末期,幼儿逐渐成为一个初步的文字阅读者。     

负数的空间表征引起的空间注意转移

本研究采用数字线索提示的刺激探测任务, 通过三个实验探讨负数的低水平加工能否,以及怎样引起空间注意的转移。实验一探讨只有负数单独呈现作为线索时能否引起空间注意的转移。结果表明：对负数绝对值大小的加工能引起空间注意的转移。实验二进一步探讨在正数、负数和零混合作为线索时能否引起空间注意的转移。结果表明：对负数数量大小的加工能引起空间注意的转移。实验三再次用正数, 负数和0三种数字混合作为探测刺激前的线索, 但仅对负数和零作为提示线索之后的探测刺激进行反应, 又一次得到了由有效提示线索所引发的对数字数量大小加工引起的空间注意的转移。本研究表明, 对负数的低水平加工可以引起空间注意的转移, 然而, 是对绝对值的加工还是数量大小的加工引起注意转移依赖于共同参与的其它数字加工产生的影响。