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991.
992.
David Macarthur 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2019,62(5):565-585
ABSTRACTThis paper distinguishes between the theoretical scientific image (of the posits of the successful sciences) and the practical scientific image (which, besides explanatory posits, includes everything presupposed by the practices of doing science (e.g. scientists, funding agencies, laboratories, chairs and other artifacts, linguistic communication, a just and democratic ethos). The popular idea that there is a conceptual clash between the scientific and manifest images of the world is revealed as largely illusory. From the perspective of a liberal naturalism, the placement problem for ‘problematic’ entities or truths is not solved but dissolved. Persons, say, are not posits of any explanatory science, but beings acknowledged as rational agencies in second-personal space. Core elements of the manifest image (e.g. persons) are more deeply rooted in our conceptual scheme than any version of the scientific image. 相似文献
993.
994.
Experimental work on modes of problem representation (Sylvan, Diascro, & Haddad, 1996) has found that the story model of Pennington and Hastie (1986, 1988) is a helpful construct in understanding how people reach decisions when dealing with questions of foreign policy. Here, a modified version of the story model is applied to statements by military officers in the Soviet Union and in France, representing the situations they face before and after the loss of Eastern Europe and Indochina, respectively (Charlick-Paley, 1997). Both baseline stories and those after the losses of empire are examined to test the hypothesis that when a military experiences the loss of its state's empire, officers will formulate a new story that justifies the change in its status, and that this new story will motivate new patterns of civil-military relations in the post-imperial era. The hypothesis finds general support, and stories are found to be a useful vehicle in understanding differences between groups of military officers. An analysis of how officers' stories change over time yields intriguing results as to how mutable stories are and which elements of a story are most likely to change first. In particular, expansion of the level of a goal is found to be a representational response to the political stimulus of loss of empire. 相似文献
995.
解决标准集未知题的易错性成因 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
解决标准集未知题容易出错,目前人们主要从关系换位和关键词策略两个角度予以解释。该研究提出概念驱动假设并用4个实验加以检验。主要实验结果如下:学生编写出的问题主要是比较集未知题;解决标准集未知题和比较集未知题的两种先后顺序产生了不尽相同的干扰模式;数据加工水平影响概念驱动作用。在文章最后讨论了该研究对教学工作的含义。 相似文献
996.
The anti-metaphysical intentions of naturalism can be respected without abandoning the project of a normative epistemology.
The central assumptions of naturalism imply that (1.) the distinction between action and behaviour is spurious, and (2.) epistemology
cannot continue to be a normative project. Difficulties with the second implication have been adressed by Normative Naturalism,
but without violating the naturalistic consensus, it can only appreciate means-end-rationality. However, this does not suffice
to justify its own implicit normative pretensions. According to our diagnosis, naturalism succumbs to the lure of an absolute
observer's stance and thereby neglects the need for participation in communal practice. By contrast, methodical culturalism
ties down the concepts of epistemology to the success of such practice. Only from this perspective, the normative force of
epistemology can be appreciated. Also, the mind-body problem loosens its hold and the distinction between action and behaviour
is reestablished. In the last section, the mutual relation between philosophy andscience is reconsidered.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
智商对物理问题解决表征体系动态特征的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于对物理问题解决表征体系特征的研究,本文用口语报告法,对不同智商水平的被试在解决物理问题过程中表征体系的动态差异进行了实证性研究。结果证明,智商水平对物理问题解决表征体系动态特征的影响显著。 相似文献
1000.
The aim of this study was to predict a stability of aggressive behavior on the basis of social problem‐solving strategies. Subjects were a total of 120 children, but complete follow‐up data were available only in 47 cases. Their aggressive behaviors were peer rated, and problem‐solving strategies were assessed in childhood subjects being 10 years on average, and 7 years later. Association between a development of social strategies and changes in aggressive behavior was studied with personality‐oriented pattern analyses. The main finding was that a development of strategies predicted a stability or changes of aggressive behavior very well. Aggressive strategies, both in childhood and in adolescence, as well as a lack of constructive alternatives characterized permanently aggressive subjects. Turning from nonaggressive to aggressive behavior was also explained by aggressive problem‐solving strategies, while a positive development, i.e., turning from childhood aggressive to adolescent nonaggressive behavior, was possible only if a person had never used aggressive strategies. Agreement between behavior and strategies was higher among girls. The findings supported a claim that intervention of aggressive behavior may be possible by modifying social strategies. Aggr. Behav. 25:269–279, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献