慢性乙型肝炎诊治现状中值得注意的几个问题

慢性乙型肝炎已成为目前我国最为重要的危害人类健康的传染病之一,其防治刻不容缓。由于缺乏特效药,在诊治中存在一些问题,需科学引导。     

中学生考试心理问题及其发展的研究

采用《中学生考试心理和行为问题症状自评量表》对重庆市573名中学生进行调查,结果表明：中学生在家庭压力感、自卑、认知问题、强迫、怯场和自责上的平均分相对较高;各学生群体在考试心理问题上的差异,主要体现在年级和学校类型的交互作用上,表现在年级和性别之问。从发展的角度看,中学生考试心理问题各因素都呈现出大致相同的发展趋势,即：高中阶段显著高于初中阶段;而各阶段内发展相对平稳。     

数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征研究

本研究以小学四年级学生为被试,采用口语报告法探讨论了数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征情况。研究发现：数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征时间较短;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征类型单一;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征缺乏有效性。     

The lure of choice

We report three studies demonstrating the ‘lure of choice’ people prefer options that allow them to take further choices over those that do not, even when the extra choices cannot improve the ultimate outcome. In Studies 1 and 2, participants chose between two options: one solitary item, and a pair of items between which they would then make a further choice. Consistent with the lure of choice, a given item was more likely to be the ultimate choice when it was initially part of a choice pair than when it was offered on its own. We also demonstrate the lure of choice in a four‐door version of the Monty Hall problem, in which participants could either stick with their original choice or switch to one of two unopened doors. Participants were more likely to switch if they could first ‘choose to choose’ between the two unopened doors (without immediately specifying which) than if they had to choose one door straightaway. We conclude by suggesting that the lure of choice is due to a choice heuristic that is very reliable in the natural world, but much less so in a world created by marketers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘They were brilliant,I don't know what I would've done if they hadn't been here’: the group concept problem revisited

This article concerns the group concept problem in people labelled as having learning disabilities, described in a series of papers by Gibbons and colleagues (Gibbons, 1981 , 1985a , 1985b ; Gibbons & Gibbons, 1980 ; Gibbons & Kassin, 1982 ). We argue that the interpretations of these studies are questionable, and alternative explanations for the patterns of results found are possible. Examples from a study in which people with the label talked about particular others who also have the label are presented. In these examples, the category was not represented as homogeneous, relationships with others were valued, and a desire for distance was only found when participants talked about people who behaved aggressively. The findings are discussed with reference to the social model of disability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于中小学数学教师对教学问题认知的调查分析

本研究主要采用问卷调查的方法,对中小学教师的教学问题意识及其影响因素进行了初步探讨。被试者为来自不同类型中小学校的数学教师共175名。结果表明:(1)中小学教师意识到的教学问题主要属于"教学技巧"或"胜任教学"层面的问题,此外教师意识到的属于教学条件、教学管理和教学评估方面的问题比较突出;(2)从整体上看,中小学教师的教学问题意识不强;(3)教师的条件性知识和实践性知识对其教学问题意识的强度有显著的预测作用。     

Caregiver Social Problem Solving Abilities and Family Member Adjustment Following Congestive Heart Failure

Family members have a considerable impact on the health and well-being of others in the family. The characteristics of family caregivers that relate to care recipients' positive and negative outcomes associated with chronic disease have received scant empirical attention. We reasoned that family caregiver social problem solving abilities would be associated with depression and life satisfaction reported by persons with congestive heart failure (CHF). Correlational analyses found that caregiver negative orientation toward solving problems was significantly predictive of higher depression and with decreased life satisfaction of persons with CHF. These findings indicate that family caregiver problem solving abilities are important factors in adjustment following CHF. Implications for clinical interventions and theoretical models of problem solving are discussed.     

问题学生的自尊及其相关因素研究

本研究以初一至初三年级的235名问题学生和143名普通学生为对象,对问题学生的自尊及其相关因素进行了研究。结果表明：(1)问题学生的自尊除初三外一般比普通学生低,这与普通学生在初三自尊的显著降低有关;(2)问题学生的自尊不存在显著的年级或年龄差异,而普通学生的自尊表现出明显的随年龄增长下降的趋势;(3)问题学生的父母教养方式和生活事件所带来的应激与其自尊的发展存在极其显著的相关,问题学生的负性生活事件应激强度显著高于普通学生;(4)问题学生的自尊与其心理健康水平存在非常显著的相关。提示自尊发展是影响问题学生心理健康状况的重要因素之一。     

小学生应用题表征的类型和特点

以124名小学六年级学生为被试。采用应用题解决问卷考查了我国小学生应用题表征的类型和特点。结果表明小学生应用题的表征方式有复述内容、图式表征、图片表征、直译表征、语义结构分析等;成功解题者和不成功解题者对各种表征方式的使用次数上没有显着差异;成功解题者和不成功解题者在各种表征方式下的解题成绩有显着差异,成功解题者在图式表征、直译表征和语义结构分析表征下的成绩显着优于不成功解题者。     

问题解决中图式与策略的关系:来自表征复杂性模型的说明

采用口语报告法收集了26名小学三年级儿童解决两道复杂的算术应用题时的口语报告和作业资料,探讨了问题解决中图式与策略的关系。结果发现,对二者关系的解释要以问题表征复杂性为中介：如果被试的关系图式水平较高,表征复杂性(特别是表征深度)也会较大,相应会选择领域专门性更强的快捷策略;如果缺乏必需的关系图式。表征深度就降低,甚至不能正确表征问题,这时只好使用常规策略甚至错误策略。这个结论适用于有多种表征和解题方式的问题中。