论知情同意的中国本土化--中国文化视野中的知情同意走向

知情同意原产于西方,移植到中国后被"家文化"、"功利论"、"简单化"等中华传统文化彻底改造过以后,浓缩成了手术前一味要求病人家属或单位领导签字的行为模式,远离了知情同意的主旨,但曾一度非理性地普遍流行.现在,又出现了一种照搬欧美知情同意的倾向,在一线医务人员中引发了诸多困惑和不满.在实施知情同意时,离开中华文化语境,或者在本土化中化掉其本质的做法,都是不可行的.正确的取向只能是立足于中国当代医学实践,以正在形成中的中国现代文化去整合西方知情同意的本质、理念和规范,构建成一套适合中国国情的知情同意机制.     

Models of Cultural Adjustment for Child and Adolescent Migrants to Australia: Internal Process and Situational Factors

Building on previous cultural adjustment profile work by Sonderegger and Barrett (2004), the aim of this study was to propose an organised structure for a number of single risk factors that have been linked to acculturative-stress in young migrants. In recognising that divergent situational characteristics (e.g., school level, gender, residential duration in Australia, social support, and cultural predisposition) are selectively paired with internal processing characteristics (e.g., emotional stability, self-worth/acceptance, acculturation/identity, and future outlook), a top-down path model of acculturative-stress for children and adolescents was proposed and validated. Self-report ratings obtained from primary (n=131) and high school (n=142) students of former-Yugoslavian and Chinese backgrounds were analysed for internal reliability. To determine goodness of model fit, path analysis utilising regression procedures was employed. Specific cross-cultural profiles are discussed.     

A Contextual Approach to Political Theory

This article explores the advantages of using a range of actual cases in doing political theory. This sort of approach clarifies what is at stake in alternative theoretical formulations, draws attention to the wisdom that may be embedded in existing practices, and encourages theorists to confront challenges they might otherwise overlook and to think through the implications of their accounts more fully.     

安全文化的内容、影响因素及作用机制

安全文化研究反映了现代安全管理向社会控制的发展。大多研究在态度与价值观水平上采用问卷调查的方式研究安全文化,也称安全气氛研究,不同研究中安全文化的维度结构差异很大;另一种研究取向则主张采用各种定性方法研究组织现象背后的基本意会。民族文化、生产特点与组织环境等因素都对安全文化产生影响,而安全文化则通过个体变量影响组织的安全绩效。该文进一步分析了研究分歧的原因以及组织水平研究中变量整合水平问题。文章认为,应该采用三角方法来测量安全文化,弄清它的原因及结果,以指导安全管理实践。     

心理分析与中国文化

无意识水平的工作、象征性的分析原理和感应性的转化机制是心理分析的三大基本原则,其中都包含着中国文化的意义;梦的分析、积极想象和沙盘游戏是心理分析的三种主要方法．其中都具有中国文化的渊源;安其不安与心理治疗、安其所安与心理教育和安之若命与心性发展,包含着心理分析的目的和实践,本身也都具有中国文化的内涵。在中国文化的基础上可以发展一种整合性的心理分析体系。     

地域文化偏见中的企业诚信论纲

企业诚信既是经济行为 ,也是文化行为。在企业诚信度的建立中 ,一方面企业要把诚信作为一种资本来经营 ,另一方面企业所在地区政府提高公信度和政府职能诚信化、加快全国大市场的形成、克服信息不对称和阻隔等都是克服文化偏见和实现地域文化与企业诚信良性互动的要件。     

East–west,collectivist-individualist: A cross-cultural examination of temperament in toddlers from Chile,Poland, South Korea,and the U.S.*

The present study examined toddler temperament across Chilean, South Korean, Polish, and U.S. samples, providing an opportunity to examine both collectivist-individualist and East–West contrasts. The effect of culture on the three factor and 18 dimension scores provided by the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire were investigated. Results provide evidence of cross-cultural differences between the four samples. Chilean toddlers scored significantly higher than U.S., Polish, and South Korean children on the overall factor of Negative Affectivity, as well as higher than the Polish and South Korean samples on the Surgency factor. South Korean toddlers scored significantly higher on the factor of Effortful Control, and two related dimensions, than U.S., Polish, or Chilean samples. Results are discussed in terms of the apparent roles of individualism/collectivism and East–West distinctions in shaping temperament development.     

An evaluation of sex and cultural differences in arithmetic retrieval-induced forgetting

Retrieval practice of arithmetic facts (e.g. 2?×?3) can interfere with retrieval of other, closely related arithmetic facts (e.g. 2?+?3), increasing response time (RT) and errors for these problems. Here we examined potential sex and culture-related differences in arithmetic retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). This was motivated by re-analyses of several published arithmetic RIF data sets that appeared to show that the effect occurred for women but not men. Experiment 1 (n?=?72) tested for possible sex differences in a diverse but predominantly Canadian university sample. Experiment 2 (n?=?48) examined potential sex differences in native Chinese participants, which previous research indicated may not be susceptible to the RIF effect for a particular subset of small addition problems (sum?≤?10). In Experiment 1, we found no evidence that the addition RIF effect differed between male and female adults. In Experiment 2, the Chinese adults showed RIF for tie problems (e.g. 2?+?2, 3?+?3, etc.) regardless of sex, but neither sex presented RIF for small non-tie addition problems. The results indicated that the RIF effect is not gender specific, and there might not be strong memory retrieval competition between addition and multiplication facts for non-tie problems in Chinese adults.     

集体主义背景下的宽恕研究及其对心理治疗的启示

以往的宽恕理论和宽恕干预的方法多是基于西方个人主义文化背景的, 缺乏集体主义背景下的相关研究。在集体主义背景下, 被冒犯者应对伤害的方式、宽恕的策略以及影响宽恕的人格特质都与个人主义有明显的区别。此外, 跨文化的宽恕模型也从不同角度描述了集体主义背景下的宽恕, 决定性宽恕和情绪性宽恕模型区分了不同形式的宽恕在不同文化中的表现; 基于自我和人格特质的宽恕模型描述了不同背景下影响宽恕的人格因素; 宽恕的动态过程模型描述了宽恕过程中的文化影响因素。对于这些内容的总结也对集体主义背景下的宽恕干预具有一定的启示作用。     

道德冲突世界中的生命伦理学:基本争论及干细胞辩论的要点

世界上存在着道德多元性,它表现为生命伦理学的实际道德分布的特征,它是使用人类胚胎作为干细胞来源的争论的根本原因。在世俗文化中,干细胞的使用甚至也会出现疑问。只以从传统的基督教道德直觉和期望的残留影响角度去理解这种现象。关于干细胞的争论反映了更深层次的文化错位。我们正生活在文化战争频发的年代。有必要对罗尔斯学派的关于公共讨论及理性的道德多元化给予重新的关注和评价。