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201.
202.
We conceptualize personality and individual variation from the perspective of dynamical systems. People’s thoughts, feelings, and predispositions for action are inherently dynamic, displaying constant change due to internal mechanisms and external forces, but over time the flow of thought and action converges on a narrow range of states—a fixed-point attractor—that provides cognitive, affective, and behavioral stability. An attractor for personal dynamics develops through two mechanisms: the synchronization of individuals’ internal states in social interaction, and the self-organization of thoughts and feelings with respect to a higher-order property (e.g., goal, self-concept). We present formal models of both processes and instantiate each in computer simulations. Discussion centers on the implications of interpersonal synchronization and self-organization dynamics for issues in personality psychology, including shared vs. non-shared environmental influences on personality development, the expression of personality in social interaction, personal stability vs. change, personal vs. situational causation, and the emergence of self-concept. 相似文献
203.
Implicit motivation to control prejudice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This research examines whether spontaneous, unintentional discriminatory behavior can be moderated by an implicit (nonconscious) motivation to control prejudice. We operationalize implicit motivation to control prejudice (IMCP) in terms of an implicit negative attitude toward prejudice (NAP) and an implicit belief that oneself is prejudiced (BOP). In the present experiment, an implicit stereotypic association of Blacks (vs. Whites) with weapons was positively correlated with the tendency to “shoot” armed Black men faster than armed White men (the “Shooter Bias”) in a computer simulation. However, participants relatively high in implicit negative attitude toward prejudice showed no relation between the race-weapons stereotype and the shooter bias. Implicit belief that oneself is prejudiced had no direct effect on this relation, but the interaction of NAP and BOP did. Participants who had a strong association between self and prejudice (high BOP) but a weak association between prejudice and bad (low NAP) showed the strongest relation between the implicit race-weapons stereotype and the Shooter Bias, suggesting that these individuals freely employed their stereotypes in their behavior. 相似文献
204.
George Sher 《Philosophia》2008,36(2):223-226
In his response to my essay “Out of Control,” Neil Levy contests my claims that (1) we are often responsible for acts that
we do not consciously choose to perform, and that (2) despite the absence of conscious choice, there remains a relevant sense
in which these actions are within our control. In this reply to Levy, I concede that claim (2) is linguistically awkward but
defend the thought that it expresses, and I clarify my defense of claim (1) by distinguishing my position from attributionism.
相似文献
George SherEmail: |
205.
Joseph-Matthew Mfutso-Bengo Eva-Maria Mfutso-Bengo Francis Masiye 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):349-356
HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns have been overshadowed by conflicting, competing, and contradictory views between those who
support condom use as a last resort and those who are against it for fear of promoting sexual immorality. We argue that abstinence
and faithfulness to one partner are the best available moral solutions to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Of course, deontologists
may argue that condom use might appear useful and effective in controlling HIV/AIDS; however, not everything that is useful
is always good. In principle, all schools of thought and faith seem to agree on the question of faithfulness for married couples
and abstinence for those who are not married. But they differ on condom use. On the ground, the situation is far more complex.
We simply lack a single, entirely reliable way to resolve all disagreements regarding HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.
相似文献
Joseph-Matthew Mfutso-BengoEmail: |
206.
The human ability to focus memory retrieval operations on a particular list, episode or memory structure has not been fully appreciated or documented. In Experiment 1-3, we make it increasingly difficult for participants to switch between a less recent list (multiple study opportunities), and a more recent list (single study opportunity). Task performance was good, although there was a cost associated with switching. In Experiment 4, list-specific learning experiences were used to create a generalized memory as a step towards semantic memory. List-specific memories intruded during attempts to retrieve the generalized memory and the generalized memory enhanced list-specific performance. The generalized memory also intruded in a free-association task. We propose that a hierarchy of contexts and control operations underlie the human ability to access different memory structures and that there is no sharp discontinuity in the control operations needed to access list-specific, generalized, and semantic memories. 相似文献
207.
Thinking as the control of imagination: a conceptual framework for goal-directed systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper offers a conceptual framework which (re)integrates goal-directed control, motivational processes, and executive
functions, and suggests a developmental pathway from situated action to higher level cognition. We first illustrate a basic
computational (control-theoretic) model of goal-directed action that makes use of internal modeling. We then show that by adding the problem of selection among multiple action alternatives motivation enters the scene, and
that the basic mechanisms of executive functions such as inhibition, the monitoring of progresses, and working memory, are
required for this system to work. Further, we elaborate on the idea that the off-line re-enactment of anticipatory mechanisms
used for action control gives rise to (embodied) mental simulations, and propose that thinking consists essentially in controlling
mental simulations rather than directly controlling behavior and perceptions. We conclude by sketching an evolutionary perspective
of this process, proposing that anticipation leveraged cognition, and by highlighting specific predictions of our model.
相似文献
Cristiano CastelfranchiEmail: |
208.
Arie Rip 《Synthese》2009,168(3):405-422
Starting from common-sense notions of ‘furniture of the world’ a process ontology is developed in which prospective is an
integral part. Technology as configurations that work (precariously) embodies expectations which structure further development.
Examples (a cloned puppy, hotel keys, DC airplanes, stem cells, and overpasses on Long Island) are used to develop the notion
of material narratives that are “written”, not just by engineers and designers/producers, but also by users: “reading” implies
some further “writing”. In contrast to prevailing notions of technological control (through manipulation of building blocks),
the “writing” of nanotechnology is modulation of the invisible and impredictable - an extreme example of unruly technology
and repair work after the fact, where in practice control is a gesture not so different from magic. Because ontology cannot
be other than prospective, it is political throughout. Thus, prospective technology highlights ontological politics. 相似文献
209.
这项研究在元记忆监控环境下考查真实教学情景中学习者对外语语音信息加工的实际效果。结果表明:在外文单词听觉再认与外文单词听觉再现测验中,无论是及时测验还是延时测验,实验组的成绩都明显高于控制组,元记忆训练对外语语音信息的加工是有影响的。 相似文献
210.
We investigated whether and how the movement initiation condition (IC) encountered during the early movements performed following focal muscle fatigue affects the postural control of discrete ballistic movements. For this purpose, subjects performed shoulder flexions in a standing posture at maximal velocity under two movement IC, i.e., in self-paced conditions and submitted to a Stroop-like task in which participants had to trigger fast shoulder flexions at the presentation of incongruent colors. Shoulder flexion kinematics, surface muscle activity of focal and postural muscles as well as center-of-pressure kinematics were recorded. The initial IC and the order in which subjects were submitted to these two conditions were varied within two separate experimental sessions. IC schedule was repeated before and after fatigue protocols involving shoulder flexors. The aim of this fatigue procedure was to affect acceleration-generating capacities of focal muscles. In such conditions, the postural muscle activity preceding and accompanying movement execution is expected to decrease. Following fatigue, when subjects initially moved in self-paced conditions, postural muscle activity decreased and scaled to the lower focal peak acceleration. This postural strategy then transferred to the Stroop-like task. In contrast, when subjects initially moved submitted to the Stroop-like task, postural muscle activity did not decrease and this transferred to self-paced movements. Regarding the center-of-pressure peak velocity, which is indicative of the efficiency of the postural actions generated in stabilizing posture, no difference appeared between the two sessions post-fatigue. This highlights an optimization of the postural actions when subjects first moved in self-paced conditions, smaller postural muscle activation levels resulting in similar postural consequences. In conclusion, the level of neuromuscular activity associated with the postural control is affected and can be optimized by the initial movement IC experienced post-fatigue. Beyond the fundamental contributions arising from these results, we point out potential applications for trainers and sports instructors. 相似文献