John Fischer challenges me to defend my arguments regarding the badness of death; I sharpen my position, but make some concessions,
discussing the possibility of postmortem harm. In response to John Deigh, I defend the account of disgust given in Hiding from Humanity, together with the research of Paul Rozin that I follow there. I discuss Patrick Devlin’s conservative position, agree that
we need to object to its emphasis on solidarity, not only to its emphasis on disgust, and argue that Deigh’s statement of
Devlin’s position is too kind to Devlin. In response to Henry Richardson, I summarize my reasons for thinking that the classical
social contract tradition cannot handle well the problems posed by the issue of justice for people with disabilities, and
that even Rawls’s position requires major modification if it is to do so. I explore differences between Richardson’s position
and my own on the issues of self-respect, liberty, and primary goods. 相似文献
Many theoretical accounts consider disgust to be a unitary emotion, although others have challenged this notion. We predict
that if core disgust and socio-moral disgust are different constructs, then their co-associated elicited emotions are likely
to be different, and time as well as gender are likely to differentially affect their intensity (via a greater reliance of
socio-moral disgust on cognitive appraisal). To test these predictions, participants were shown photographs of core and socio-moral
disgust elicitors and asked to provide a wide ranging rating of their emotional response to each at 3 time points. Each elicitor
generated a significantly different emotional response. Furthermore, the disgust response to core elicitors weakened over
time whereas socio-moral responses intensified. Males and females showed similar levels of disgust to socio-moral elicitors,
but females showed higher levels to core elicitors. Overall, the results suggest that a different emotional construct was
activated by each type of elicitor. 相似文献
Prior research has asserted that emotions affect anchoring bias in decision making through the emotion's certainty appraisal or through the emotion's action tendencies, but these prior studies investigate the role of each component—appraisal or action tendency—without accounting for potential effects of the other one. The current research investigates whether anger exerts a significant effect on anchoring bias by activating a desire to confront a potential anchor. Importantly, the studies compare the effect of anger versus disgust, emotions that differ in their action tendency but are similar in their certainty appraisal. In Study 1, participants completed an emotion induction task and then a negotiation task where the first offer from the negotiation partner served as a potential anchor. Anger led to more deviation from the anchor compared with disgust or neutral feelings. Subsequent studies provide evidence that the angry participants are less anchored when the anchor value comes from a more confrontable source (someone else vs. themselves in Study 2 and an out‐group member vs. an in‐group member in Study 3). 相似文献
Compulsive cleaning is an attempt to remove feelings of contamination that threaten one's physical health, mental health or ability to function socially. The fear of becoming contaminated can be complex, powerful, persistent and easily spread. Contamination is defined, the main types of contaminants set out and the characteristics of the fear are described. The distinction between normal and abnormal feelings of contamination is considered, and abnormal beliefs about contamination are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fact that contamination can occur without any physical contact, and the concept of mental pollution is used to elucidate this process. The causes and consequences of contamination fears are described, and some connections between fear and disgust are considered. The concept of cognitive co-morbidity is applied to an analysis of associations between the fear of contamination and obsessions, social fears and phobias. It is suggested that applying cognitive analyses and tactics may improve our ability to treat these powerful and tenacious fears. 相似文献
In four experiments, we asked subjects for judgements about scenarios that pit utilitarian outcomes against deontological moral rules, for example, saving more lives vs. a rule against active killing. We measured trait emotions of anger, disgust, sympathy and empathy (the last two in both specific and general forms, the latter referring to large groups of people), asked about the same emotions after each scenario (state emotions). We found that utilitarian responding to the scenarios, and higher scores on a utilitarianism scale, were correlated negatively with disgust, positively (but weakly and inconsistently) with anger, positively with specific sympathy and state sympathy, and less so with general sympathy or empathy. In a fifth experiment, we asked about anger and sympathy for specific outcomes, and we found that these are consistently predictive of utilitarian responding. 相似文献
Objectives: Evidence suggests that disgust responses, known to negatively affect psychological wellbeing, may differ in people with cancer. We performed the first quantitative investigation of three discrete types of disgust trait – disgust propensity, sensitivity and self-directed disgust – in people diagnosed with a broad range of cancers (versus cancer-free controls), and explored their associations with psychological wellbeing.
Design: In a cross-sectional survey design, 107 participants with heterogeneous cancer diagnoses, recruited from cancer charities and support groups, were matched with cancer-free controls by age and gender.
Outcome measures: Measures of the three disgust traits were taken alongside measures of anxiety and depression.
Results: Disgust sensitivity and physical self-disgust were significantly higher in the cancer than control sample, while disgust propensity and behavioural self-disgust were lower. The disgust traits had a different pattern of associations to psychological wellbeing across the two groups, with disgust sensitivity predicting depressive symptoms to a significantly greater extent in the cancer than control group.
Conclusions: People with cancer differ from matched controls in their disgust responses and these responses have significant predictive relationships with aspects of their psychological wellbeing. The results suggest that emotion-based interventions may be useful for improving psychological wellbeing in people with cancer. 相似文献
A quickly expanding literature has examined the link between physical disgust and morality. This article critically integrates the existing evidence and draws the following conclusions: First, there is considerable evidence that experimentally induced disgust and cleanliness influence moral judgment, but moderating variables and attributional processes need to be considered. Second, moral considerations have substantial effects on behavioural concomitants of disgust, such as facial expressions, economic games and food consumption. Third, while disgust involves a conservation concern, it can manifest itself in both liberal and conservative political attitudes. Overall, disgust can be considered to form part of a behavioural loss aversion system aimed at protecting valuable resources, including the integrity of one’s body. Recommendations are offered to investigate the role of disgust more rigorously in order to fully capture its role in moral life. 相似文献