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931.
Humphrey van Polanen Petel 《Axiomathes》2007,17(1):53-73
The traditional definition per genus et differentiam is argued to be cognitively grounded in perception and in order to avoid needless argument, definitions are stipulated to
assert boundaries. An analysis of the notion of perspective shows that a boundary is a composite of two distinctions: similarity
that includes and difference that excludes. The concept is applied to the type-token distinction and percepts are shown to be the result of a comparison between a token
as representing some phenomenon and a type as representing the kind of object the phenomenon might be. The Principle of Connection
is proposed as the mental architecture that gives rise to percepts. The value of a percept is shown to be one of Identical, Similar, Different or Contrary and its perceptual aspects represent the cognitive schema of Essence, Quality, Quantity and Relation. The two notions of similarity and difference are claimed to constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for definitions.
Accordingly, the qualitative elements of a definition signify the genus as representing the similarity of the defined entity in terms of others of its kind and the quantitative elements signify the differentia as representing the difference it has from everything else. Paying proper attention to both qualitative and quantitative aspects will enable formulation
of definitions that are ‘good’.
This paper is based on my master’s thesis at Monash University (2003). I thank Keith Allan for commenting on an earlier draft—any
remaining infelicities are mine only. 相似文献
932.
Line LeBlanc Raymond Swisher Frank Vitaro Richard E. Tremblay 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(4):429-442
Using longitudinal and cross-sectional data, the present research sought to identify school social climate predictors of teachers’
perceptions of classroom behavior problems. The social climate and classroom behavior in 107 public and private French speaking
Canadian high schools was evaluated by 1399 teachers. The present analysis is unique in its ability to control for school
differences in the enrollment of students with a history of problem behavior. As hypothesized, between-school variation in
the proportion of students with histories of disruptive problems predicted high school classroom behavior problems. Moreover,
when controlling for these between-school differences, concurrently measured school-level variables (type of school, location
of school, and academic emphasis) are found to be significant predictors of classroom behavior problems. The theoretical and
practical implications of the present findings are examined and recommendations are made for future research. 相似文献
933.
The present study asked whether capuchin monkeys recognize human attentional states. The monkeys requested food from the experimenter
by extending an arm (pointing) toward the baited one of two transparent cups. On regular trials the experimenter gave the
food immediately to the monkeys upon pointing but on randomly inserted test trials she ignored the pointing for 5 s during
which she displayed different attentional states. The monkeys looked at the experimenter's face longer when she looked at
the monkeys than when she looked at the ceiling in Experiment 1, and longer when she oriented her head midway between the
two cups with eyes open than when she did so with eyes closed in Experiment 2. However, the monkeys showed no differential
pointing in these conditions. These results suggest that capuchins are sensitive to eye direction but this sensitivity does
not lead to differential pointing trained in laboratory experiments. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first firm
behavioral evidence that non-human primates attend to the subtle states of eyes in a food requesting task. 相似文献
934.
Ward A 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(6):465-485
The goal of research in social epidemiology is not simply conceptual clarification or theoretical understanding, but more
importantly it is to contribute to, and enhance the health of populations (and so, too, the people who constitute those populations).
Undoubtedly, understanding how various individual risk factors such as smoking and obesity affect the health of people does
contribute to this goal. However, what is distinctive of much on-going work in social epidemiology is the view that analyses
making use of individual-level variables is not enough. In the spirit of Durkheim and Weber, S. Leonard Syme makes this point
by writing that just “as bad water and food may be harmful to our health, unhealthful forces in our society may be detrimental
to our capacity to make choices and to form opinions” conducive to health and well-being. Advocates of upstream (distal) causes
of adverse health outcomes propose to identify the most important of these “unhealthful forces” as the fundamental causes
of adverse health outcomes. However, without a clear, theoretically precise and well-grounded understanding of the characteristics
of fundamental causes, there is little hope in applying the statistical tools of the health sciences to hypotheses about fundamental
causes, their outcomes, and policies intended to enhance the health of populations. This paper begins the process of characterizing
the social epidemiological concept of fundamental cause in a theoretically respectable and robust way.
相似文献
Andrew WardEmail: |
935.
This article explores the importance attached to social class by experienced practitioners taking part in a co‐operative inquiry group. A review of the literature from the last thirty years indicates that there is very little research on class in relation to counselling and psychotherapy reported in the UK. Both authors position themselves as coming from working class origins. Nine co‐researchers from both middle and working class origins joined the group. Eight meetings took place over a period of nine months. Extracts from the group's discussions are represented and integrated with ‘presentational knowing’ drawn from contemporary culture, including poetry and popular music. This study suggests that social class is a neglected aspect of diversity in the counselling field. Implications of the study have relevance for the language of counselling and psychotherapy and class based values; social class and its impact on initial education; and ongoing counselling practice and access to therapy for working class people. 相似文献
936.
Michael Gonin 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2007,5(1):33-58
Business research and teaching institutions play an important role in shaping the way businesses perceive their relations
to the broader society and its moral expectations. Hence, as ethical scandals recently arose in the business world, questions
related to the civic responsibilities of business scholars and to the role business schools play in society have gained wider
interest. In this article, I argue that these ethical shortcomings are at least partly resulting from the mainstream business
model with its taken-for granted basic assumptions such as specialization or the value-neutrality of business research. Redefining
the roles and civic responsibilities of business scholars for business practice implies therefore a thorough analysis of these
assumptions if not their redefinition. The taken-for-grantedness of the mainstream business model is questioned by the transformation
of the societal context in which business activities are embedded. Its value-neutrality in turn is challenged by self-fulfilling
prophecy effects, which highlight the normative influence of business schools. In order to critically discuss some basic assumptions
of mainstream business theory, I propose to draw parallels with the corporate citizenship concept and the stakeholder theory.
Their integrated approach of the relation between business practice and the broader society provides interesting insights
for the social reembedding of business research and teaching. 相似文献
937.
We propose that cognition is more than a collection of independent processes operating in a modular cognitive system. Instead,
we propose that cognition emerges from dependencies between all of the basic systems in the brain, including goal management,
perception, action, memory, reward, affect, and learning. Furthermore, human cognition reflects its social evolution and context,
as well as contributions from a developmental process. After presenting these themes, we illustrate their application to the
process of anticipation. Specifically, we propose that anticipations occur extensively across domains (i.e., goal management,
perception, action, reward, affect, and learning) in coordinated manners. We also propose that anticipation is central to
situated action and to social interaction, and that many of its key features reflect the process of development. 相似文献
938.
The effects of exposure to muscular male models among men: exploring the moderating role of gym use and exercise motivation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study examines the effects of exposure to the muscular male body ideal on body-focused negative affect among male gym users and non-exercisers. As hypothesized, the impact of media exposure depended on men's exercise status. Non-exercisers (n = 58) reported greater body-focused negative affect after exposure to images of muscular male models than after neutral images (no model controls), whereas gym users (n = 58) showed a tendency for less body-focused negative affect after the model images than after the control images. Furthermore, the extent to which gym users were motivated to increase strength and muscularity moderated these exposure effects; men who reported stronger strength and muscularity exercise motivation reported a greater degree of self-enhancement after exposure to the muscular ideal. The findings are interpreted with respect to likely differences in motives for social comparisons. 相似文献
939.
This study compared perceptions and metaperceptions after a social interaction between a woman with disordered eating (subclinical bulimia nervosa) and a female interaction partner. Hypotheses were: women with disordered eating would have more negative metaperceptions of social interactions than women without disordered eating, and women with disordered eating would show a greater discrepancy between metaperceptions and perceptions than women without disordered eating. All participants completed questionnaires about their perceptions and metaperceptions post-interaction. Results showed women with disordered eating thought that they had made a negative impression; findings addressing the relationships among social desirability, loneliness, social support utilization, and fear of negative evaluation are also discussed. 相似文献
940.
Stephen Vertigans 《Contemporary Islam》2007,1(3):303-321
Weber’s concept of social closure can help to illuminate the social processes that result in the development of militant Muslim
groups. Adapting and applying the concept helps to establish the interrelationships between secular processes and Islamification
that are designed by the militants to exclude others and usurp governments. These processes include the implementation of
secularisation, conversely concessions to religion and the reinvigoration of Islamic concepts that are used as codes of closure
to unite followers and ostracize other Muslims and religious denominations.
相似文献
Stephen VertigansEmail: |