Can a Rude Waiter Make Your Food Less Tasty? Social Class Differences in Thinking Style and Carryover in Consumer Judgments

Building on the notion that cognitive processes vary across social classes, we predict that social class shapes thinking style, which in turn affects consumer judgments. In doing so, we employ service failure domains as a way to understand social class effects. Across four studies, we show that, when faced with a failure incident occurring in one service dimension (e.g., rude employees), consumers in the low social class, relative to those in the high social class, carry over to influence their evaluations of the other service dimensions (e.g., food quality) that are unrelated to the failure incident. We further show that low‐class consumers favor a holistic style of thinking, whereas high‐class consumers favor an analytic style of thinking and that these differences in thinking style account for the carryover effects on evaluations. The pattern of the effects exists when the service failure is perceived to be severe rather than minor.     

Recommendations from Multi-disciplinary Focus Groups on Cascade Testing and Genetic Counseling for Fragile X-associated Disorders

The purpose of this paper is to report the outcome of a collaborative project between the Fragile X Research and Treatment Center at the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute at the University of California at Davis, the National Fragile X Foundation (NFXF), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The objective of this collaboration was to develop and disseminate protocols for genetic counseling and cascade testing for the multiple disorders associated with the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) mutation. Over the last several years, there has been increasing insight into the phenotypic range associated with both the premutation and the full mutation of the FMR1 gene. To help develop recommendations related to screening for fragile X-associated disorders, four, two day advisory focus group meetings were conducted, each with a different theme. The four themes were: (1) fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS); (2) premature ovarian failure (POF) and reproductive endocrinology; (3) psychiatric, behavioral and psychological issues; and (4) population screening and related ethical issues.     

用库恩“范式论”浅析心力衰竭的治疗进展

美国著名科学哲学家库恩认为每一个科学发展阶段都有特殊的内在结构,而体现这种结构的模型即“范式”。并认为任何科学研究都是在某一范式的指导下进行的,范式是一个科学部门达到成熟的标志,而科学革命实际上就是范式的转变,指出一种范式经革命向另一种范式逐步过渡,正是成熟科学的通常模式。本文就范式理论对心力衰竭治疗进展的影响进行探讨。     

Signal detection theory,the exclusion failure paradigm and weak consciousness—Evidence for the access/phenomenal distinction?

Block [Block, N. (2005). Two neural correlates of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 46–52] and Snodgrass (2006) claim that a signal detection theory (SDT) analysis of qualitative difference paradigms, in particular the exclusion failure paradigm, reveals cases of phenomenal consciousness without access consciousness. This claim is unwarranted on several grounds. First, partial cognitive access rather than a total lack of cognitive access can account for exclusion failure results. Second, Snodgrass’s Objective Threshold/Strategic (OT/S) model of perception relies on a problematic ‘enable’ approach to perception that denies the possibility of intentional control of unconscious perception and any effect of following different task instructions on the presence/absence of phenomenal consciousness. Many of Block’s purported examples of phenomenal consciousness without cognitive access also rely on this problematic approach. Third, qualitative difference paradigms may index only a subset of access consciousness. Thus, qualitative difference paradigms like exclusion failure cannot be used to isolate phenomenal consciousness, any attempt to do so still faces serious methodological problems.     

干细胞移植治疗冠心病的现状与未来

冠心病仍然是全球的主要死亡原因。其所造成的心肌梗死及慢性心力衰竭对生活质量的影响和由此造成的高额医疗费用促使我们不断寻求新的医疗措施。近几年有关干细胞用于心肌梗死后心肌再生、心肌内新生血管形成,可能还会改善梗死后的心功能的研究成为心脏病学研究的最热门领域。尽管干细胞治疗有可能使心力衰竭的治疗得到彻底的革命,但仍有部分问题需要澄清。已发表的各个研究结果设计不尽相同,致使对该项治疗的效果较难得出一致的结论。但这些研究都强调干细胞治疗在未来心血管疾病的治疗中可能会发挥较大的作用。干细胞治疗与药学、外科及介入治疗的结合会显著改善冠心病患者的预后。     

风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗中“度”的把握

风湿性心脏瓣膜病在世界范围内发病率极高,瓣膜置换术是目前治疗该病的主要方法,根据不同的病情及需要可置换机械瓣或生物瓣,我国患者更常选择机械瓣置换,术后生物瓣置换需抗凝3个月～6个月,而机械辩置换者需终身抗凝,故抗凝治疗非常关键。本文从辨证思维的角度分析如何在瓣膜置换术后把握好抗凝治疗。     

《管子》的养生智慧

在古代中国,作为一种人格理想典型的“圣人”具有导向作用,《管子》塑造圣人品格,当然也是为了给人们确立人生目标。故而,学习圣人也就包括学习养生在内。在《管子·白心》篇中有一个养生的重要命题,叫做“执仪服象,敬迎来者”,这不仅是就如何“成圣”说的,而且对于一般人的生活而言也具有养生的借鉴价值。根据圣人理想人格的修养标准,《管子》不仅将治国与养生结合起来,而且具体探究如何“理气”的问题。     

防治血管剩留风险的决策探讨

针对冠心病和（或）2型糖尿病患者,已有许多有效的防治措施。然而,尽管接受了当前的标准治疗,这类患者仍会反复发生许多大血管和微血管事件,这种现象称之为血管剩留风险。有许多因素影响血管剩留风险的存在,其中最为重要的是致动脉粥样硬化性血脂异常。因此,采取积极的全面干预措施如改善生活方式、联合降脂以改善所有的脂质异常指标,是最大程度降低血管剩留风险的动向。