The evidential status of philosophical intuition

Philosophers have traditionally held that claims about necessities and possibilities are to be evaluated by consulting our philosophical intuitions; that is, those peculiarly compelling deliverances about possibilities that arise from a serious and reflective attempt to conceive of counterexamples to these claims. But many contemporary philosophers, particularly naturalists, argue that intuitions of this sort are unreliable, citing examples of once-intuitive, but now abandoned, philosophical theses, as well as recent psychological studies that seem to establish the general fallibility of intuition.In the first two sections of this paper, I evaluate these arguments, and also the counter-arguments of contemporary defenders of tradition. In the next two sections, I sketch an alternative account of the role of philosophical intuitions that incorporates elements of traditionalism and naturalism - and defend it against other such views. In the final section, however, I discuss intuitions about conscious experience, and acknowledge that my view may not extend comfortably to this case. This may seem unfortunate, since so much contemporary discussion of the epistemology of modality seems motivated by worries about the mind-body problem, and informed by the position one wishes to endorse. But, as I argue, if conscious experience is indeed an exception to the view I suggest in this paper, it is an exception that proves - and can illuminate - the rule.     

如何推进儒教伦理与基督教伦理的融合

本文旨在阐明儒教伦理与基督教伦理在中国现代文化语境和社会场景中的确切含义,探讨克服儒教伦理与基督教伦理之间对立特征之有效途径,强调要从重叙传统和社会实践两个层面推动儒教伦理与基督教伦理的融合。     

A successful trial utilizing the Leuzinger-Bohleber methodology for evaluation of psychoanalytic treatment: Preliminary report

Utilizing audio-recorded psychoanalytic interviews of both patients and their analysts, group discussions of these interviews, and the application of questionnaires commonly used in psychotherapy research, the authors investigate the potential use of the Leuzinger-Bohleber methodology as an objective evaluative instrument to assess the quality of psychoanalytic treatment. Preliminary study results were obtained through interviews conducted with seven analysts and their respective patients, three of whom were treated with psychoanalysis (three or more sessions per week, for a duration of no less than one year) and four with psychotherapy (one or two sessions per week, for a duration of no less than one year). Patients were found to be eager to participate, and no adverse experiences were reported by analysts, patients or the research team. In addition to the interviews, further data were obtained through review of mailed-in questionnaires completed by 21 patients. The authors present both preliminary observations regarding the methodology as a whole, as well as the detailed results of one specifi c case subject treated with psychotherapy. Review of study fi ndings supports the utilization of this methodology as an evaluative instrument which may ultimately advance current knowledge of the process and outcome of psychoanalytic treatment.     

文化心理学的方法论困境与出路

对于文化心理学存在着多种层面的理解。可以视其为心理学研究领域的拓展,心理学理论思维的转化,也可以视其为心理学方法论上的一种变革。从历史的角度看,文化心理学具有文化补偿的性质;从现实的角度看,文化心理学又面临着文化并置的局面。文化心理学方法论的建立,关键是如何处理与主流心理学方法论的关系。这是文化心理学发展的前提。也是其方法论困境的根源,同时也是摆脱这种困境的依据。     

Capturing the interplay among within- and between-person processes using multilevel modeling techniques

Multilevel modeling is an excellent way to analyze nested or clustered data of the type commonly collected through investigations into the linkages between psychological functioning and relationship processes. This article describes two especially relevant applications of multilevel modeling. The first application, growth curve analysis, is already familiar to many researchers and involves modeling individuals’ change trajectories over time and relating the derived change parameters to person-level characteristics or phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize a second application, multilevel process analysis, which involves modeling within-subject characteristics other than change over a representation of time. Multilevel analysis of within-subject processes is particularly well-suited for hypotheses common to clinical psychology investigations, yet has received substantially less attention in the literature than its growth curve counterpart. Types of research questions and methodologies that can be addressed within the multilevel process analysis framework are described. Finally, aspects of multilevel process analysis are demonstrated with daily diary data collected from wives who reported on their marital happiness and depressed mood for 3 weeks.     

完善自身免疫性糖尿病胰岛炎核素显像研究及其思考

回顾和综述自身免疫性糖尿病胰岛炎核素显像技术的产生、发展过程和最新研究进展.分析系统论方法主要基本原则在该技术研究进展中的指导性作用.揭示在医学科学研究中自觉、主动地运用辨证思维方法和系统论科学方法,可以拓展研究的新思路,为深入认识、改进和创造先进技术提供有效手段、为制定研究的最佳方案及优化组合提供新途径,对促进和指导医学研究发展有极其重要的意义.     

非典病原发现的方法论反思

从非典病原体发现的科学突破中,我们可以得出四点科学方法论的启示:(1)观察应全面,实验要充分;(2)小心使用不完全归纳法;(3)做出结论应慎重,发表假说要及时;(4)合作与良性竞争是科研成功的一大法宝.对我国科学工作者在这场科研战中的贡献与失误进行了方法论方面的反思.     

分析性思维的荣耀,还是挑战--EGb-761的研发历程及其方法论启示

银杏叶有明确的活血化瘀疗效,Schwabe家族按照传统的分析思维,从银杏叶中获得一种混合制剂EGb-761,它可以改善血流,降低心脑血管意外的发生率.然而,在深入研究EGb-761的一些关键问题上,分析的思维面临全新挑战,它无法精确描述这种混合物的具体成分,也不能确切的解释这种制剂的药理作用.EGb-761的研发历程带给我们重要的启示,在科学技术迅猛发展的今天,需要以系统观、整体观为指导,提出新的药物研发探索方向.     

关于全科医学兴起和发展的哲学审视

全科医学的兴起已经成为"必然",当今医学科学的发展应该对这种"必然"做出理性的思考.全科医学的兴起和发展隐含着对现代医疗中失人性化倾向的反动,揭示了人道主义精神在现代医疗中的回归.全科医疗与专科医疗是一种互补关系,共同丰富和完善医疗卫生服务体系.     

临床医生应具有很高的哲学修养

人体的复杂性和人命关天的特殊性决定了临床工作具有持久的挑战性.无论是病因的诊断,治疗方案的选择,还是治疗效果的判断都给临床医生的哲学思维提出很高的要求.因此,临床医生不仅要注重积累自己的专业知识和临床经验,而且要努力提高自己的哲学修养.