不同部件亮度条件下的汉字识别初探

本文采用命名作业法探讨在不同汉字部件亮度条件下的字频效应、笔画数效应及部件在汉字识别中的作用。结果表明 :1在本实验条件下 ,字频效应仍非常明显 ,但没有笔画数效应 ;2在上下型汉字的识别中 ,其上半部的作用比下半部更为重要 ,而对左右型汉字而言 ,其右半部的作用比左半部更为重要 ;3部件亮度条件对命名反应时有显著影响 ,但是否可以称为“部件亮度效应”尚值得进一步研究。     

Virtue Ethics and Situationist Personality Psychology

In this paper I examine and reply to a deflationary challenge brought against virtue ethics. The challenge comes from critics who are impressed by recent psychological evidence suggesting that much of what we take to be virtuous conduct is in fact elicited by narrowly specific social settings, as opposed to being the manifestation of robust individual character. In answer to the challenge, I suggest a conception of virtue that openly acknowledges the likelihood of its deep, ongoing dependence upon particular social relationships and settings. I argue that holding this conception will indeed cause problems for some important strands of thought in virtue ethics, most notably in the tradition of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. But an approach to virtue ethics modeled on David Hume's treatment of virtue and character in A Treatise of Human Nature promises to escape these problems.     

汉字识别早期知觉过程中的整体优先效应

以7画、10画、13画上下、左右结构低字频宋体汉字为材料,以整字或成字部件为检测目标,在0～1.5、0～2.0、0～2.5、0～3.0周/度空间频率条件下探讨整体-局部加工的关系.结果发现,空间频率一定时,整字辨别的正确率更高,反应时更短.汉字识别过程中存在着明显的整体优先效应.作者认为,知觉过程由整体加工水平向局部加工水平的转换使部件辨别时间延长、正确率下降;刺激图像中整体性空间信息比较丰富,细节信息相对不足,进一步促成了知觉辨别的整体优先效应.     

春秋战国齐金文字体研究

春秋战国是汉字字体由篆到隶的重要时期,齐金文素以其精严整饬的美化藻饰体著称,但这只是其字体演变中的一个环节。齐金文字体演变在书写便捷的原动力下,通过体势趋扁趋方打破篆体长圆体势,通过短直的笔画分解篆体圆转的笔画,与其他地域的金文字体一起推动了汉字字体的演变,并以其鲜明的地域个性丰富了汉字字体面貌。     

Varieties of the extended self

This article provides an overview and analysis of recent work on the extended self, demonstrating that the boundaries of selves are fluid, shifting across biological, artifactual, and sociocultural structures. First, it distinguishes the notions of minimal self, person, and narrative self. Second, it surveys how philosophers, psychologists, and cognitive scientists argue that embodiment, cognition, emotion, consciousness, and moral character traits can be extended and what that implies for the boundaries of selves. It also reviews and responds to various criticisms and counterarguments against the extended self. The main focus is on the link between the extended mind and extended self, which has received the most attention in recent literature. But accounts of the extended self developed independently of the extended mind are also briefly discussed. This article ends by drawing out some of the conceptual, methodological, and normative implications of the extended self and suggesting some directions for future research.     

Faithful Aging and the Development of Character

The author tests the kinship of the concepts faithful aging, the centerpiece of her book, The Art of Growing Old: A Guide to Faithful Aging (1998), and development of character, central to James Hillman's book, The Force of Character and the Lasting Life (1999). Faithful aging is assessed in characters from two plays: Graham Greene's The Potting Shed and Robert Anderson's I Never Sang for My Father. Finally, Saussy reflects on the development of character as a theological issue.     

比喻性成语对文章段落回忆的影响

本研究采用随意学习的实验范式,探讨了结句中是否包含比喻性成语以及被试的工作记忆容量大小对文章段落回忆成绩的影响.实验中所有被试被要求阅读6个说明体的文章段落,然后接受一个有提示的回忆测验.研究发现(1)所有被试对结句中包含比喻性成语的段落回忆成绩比结句中没有比喻性成语的段落好.(2)结句中是否包含比喻性成语和被试工作记忆容量之间存在着交互作用.若结句中包含比喻性成语,段落的回忆成绩不受被试工作记忆容量的制约,反之则会.这些结果可能表明,比喻性成语的某些特点,如形象性或易记性,作为一种辅助手段促进了被试对文章内容的记忆、保持和回忆.     

Vice and Reason

Aristotle's account of vice presents a puzzle: (1) Viciouspeople must be guided by reason, since they act on decision(prohairesis), not on their non-rational desires. (2) And yet theycannot be guided by reason, since they are said to pay attention totheir non-rational part and not to live in accordance with reason. Wecan understand the conception of vice the reconciles these two claims,once we examine Aristotle's account of (a) the pursuit of the fine andof the expedient; (b) the connexion between vice and the pursuit ofpleasure; (c) the particular kind of regret to which the vicious personis subject.     

Content externalism and phenomenal character: a new worry about privileged access

Some philosophers argue that the thesis of content externalism, according to which the contents of a subject’s thoughts are in part individuated by environmental factors, threatens the standard idea that a subject can know the contents of her thoughts without empirical investigation. It is typically assumed, however, that this thesis does not threaten another common idea about privileged access: that a subject can know the phenomenal character of her experience–its “what it’s like” aspect–without empirical investigation. That is, even if content externalism is true and does imply that a subject cannot know without empirical investigation the contents of some of her thoughts (e.g., her thoughts about water), surely she can know without empirical investigation what it’s like for her to be having whatever experience she is having. I argue that if content externalism threatens privileged access to content (I do not discuss whether it does), then it also threatens privileged access to phenomenal character. My argument does not involve claiming that phenomenal character is itself externally individuated. Rather, it depends on two other claims: (1) that introspective access to phenomenal character is conceptual; and (2) that standard arguments for content externalism suggest that some phenomenal concepts are externally individuated.     

部件的语音信息对于中文假字和非字判断的影响

通过两个实验探索部件的语音信息在人造汉字判断过程中的作用。实验一通过操纵部件的独立性和部件位置的合法性分别探讨部件语音信息和位置信息对于人造字判断的影响。结果发现,与部件不独立的假字相比,判断部件独立的假字需要更长的时间,正确率也更低;但是部件的独立性并不影响对非字的判断。实验二通过控制部件本身是否发音和部件是否能做真字的声旁这两个因素,发现上述两个语音因素均影响假字的判断：和部件本身不能发音的假字相比,判断部件本身能发音的假字反应时更长,正确率更低;和部件不能做声旁的假字相比,判断部件能做声旁的假字反应时更长,正确率更低。结果还发现部件所包含的语音信息越多,假字判断的正确率就越低。在最后的讨论部分,根据实验结果构建了一个关于识别人造字和低频字的认知加工模型。