Are unsupervised neural networks ignorant? Sizing the effect of environmental distributions on unsupervised learning

Learning environmental biases is a rational behavior: by using prior odds, Bayesian networks rapidly became a benchmark in machine learning. Moreover, a growing body of evidence now suggests that humans are using base rate information. Unsupervised connectionist networks are used in computer science for machine learning and in psychology to model human cognition, but it is unclear whether they are sensitive to prior odds. In this paper, we show that hard competitive learners are unable to use environmental biases while recurrent associative memories use frequency of exemplars and categories independently. Hence, it is concluded that recurrent associative memories are more useful than hard competitive networks to model human cognition and have a higher potential in machine learning.     

学生提问与语文阅读理解能力的关系研究

随机选取北京市某中学初一-高二学生169名,以问卷法研究了他们对文章的提问能力与其阅读理解能力的关系,结果发现:(1)学生提问频次变化范围较广,不同水平提问数量存在显著的差异;(2)从分水平的角度来看,被试个体提问最高频次和总频次,由多到少都呈现出第二、第三、第一水平的顺序;(3)学生第三水平提问总数对第二水平阅读理解能力有显著预测作用;(4)学生第三水平提问总数对第三水平阅读理解能力有一定的显著预测作用。     

主动建构学习策略和自信的实验研究

目的:通过开设心理健康教育课,促进学生学习策略和自信心的形成。方法:采用问卷法和实验干预法对某中学初一学生进行为期八周的实验干预。结果:实验组学生在学习策略、自信方面的提高水平高于对照组学生,在自信方面,两组学生之间存在明显差异。结论:正确的学习策略和自信心可以主动建构。     

The Role of Strategy in Mixed-Gender Group Interactions: A Study of the Television Show “The Weakest Link”

This paper studies mixed-gender group interactions in a strategic game where group members are sequentially eliminated till a single winner takes all. Study 1 tests the hypothesis that female contestants are retained till final rounds where they are eliminated. Using observational data from the US television show The Weakest Link (20 shows), results show that females are finalists but not winners. In a laboratory study (Study 2, 67 Berkeley undergraduates), we show that this effect is attenuated when winnings are shared among finalists (versus one winner takes all) due to the reduction in competitive pressures in the context. This research was supported in part by the Junior Faculty Research Grant awarded by the University of California at Berkeley to the second author.     

高等医学院校医事法学教育亟待加强

通过千余份问卷调查研究,透视出医学生对医事法律认知程度普遍偏低的状况,进而从医学院教育方针,以及医学生法律意识、自我教育能力等方面,分析、探究原因,寻求改进医事法学教育滞后问题,加速培养学医懂法医学人才的途径与方法。     

Unsanctioned aggression in rugby union: relationships among aggressiveness,anger, athletic identity,and professionalization

Aggressive players who intentionally cause injury to their opponents are common in many sports, particularly collision sports such as Rugby Union. Although some acts of aggression fall within the rules (sanctioned), others do not (unsanctioned), with the latter tending to be less acceptable than the former. This study attempts to identify characteristics of players who are more likely to employ unsanctioned methods in order to injure an opponent. Male Rugby Union players completed questionnaires assessing aggressiveness, anger, past aggression, professionalization, and athletic identity. Players were assigned to one of two groups based on self‐reported past unsanctioned aggression. Results indicated that demographic variables (e.g., age, playing position, or level of play) were not predictive of group membership. Measures of aggressiveness and professionalization were significant predictors; high scores on both indicated a greater probability of reporting the use of unsanctioned aggressive force for the sole purpose of causing injury or pain. In addition, players who had been taught how to execute aggressive illegal plays without detection were also more likely to report using excessive force to injure an opponent. Results provide further support that highly professionalized players may be more likely to use methods outside the constitutive rules of Rugby Union in order to intentionally injure their opponents. Results are discussed within the context of the increasing win‐at‐all‐cost attitude that is becoming more prevalent in sport and its implications for youth athletes. Aggr. Behav. 35:237–243, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

大学生学习动机的测量及其与自我效能感的关系

以270名大学生为被试,对Amabile等人编制的学习动机量表进行修订以确定其对中国被试的适用性,此外还探讨了大学生学习动机与一般自我效能感及领域专门的自我效能感之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)学习动机量表可以明确区分成用于测量内生和外生动机的两个分量表,前者包括挑战性和热衷性两个维度,后者包括依赖他人评价、选择简单任务、关注人际竞争和追求回报等四个维度。两个分量表的多种信效度指标都十分理想,表明可用于对中国被试的有关研究。(2)男生的内生动机总分显著高于女生,而在外生动机总分上性别差异不显著。具体来看,男女生在挑战性和依赖他人评价两个维度的得分存在显著差异,男生的挑战性高于女生,而女生比男生更依赖他人评价。(3)被试一般的和领域专门的效能感都与内生动机呈正相关,而与外生动机无关。具体来看,效能感与内生和外生动机各维度中的挑战性、热衷性和关注人际竞争呈正相关,与选择简单任务呈负相关。     

高中生认识论信念调查研究

本研究以526名高中生为被试,运用自行编制的"高中生认识论信念问卷",考察了高中生认识论信念的性别差异、年龄特点以及学校类型差异。结果表明:高中生认识论信念的各个维度上不存在性别差异,但存在着极其显著的学校差异;在整合建构信念、能力信念方面,存在着显著的年级差异;在零散接受信念上存在着学校与年级的交互作用。     

聋生和听力正常学生解决加减文字题的眼动比较研究

采用EyetinkⅡ眼动记录仪,探讨了聋生与解题正确率高的听力正常学生表征和解决加减文字题的差异。被试为小学3年级学生．聋生12名．听力正常学生8名。研究结果表明：（1）在解决加减文字题时,聋生与解题正确率高的听力正常学生在阅读方式、关注关键信息上有显著差异,很多聋生阅读没规律．漏看文字题的关键信息;（2）聋生解决加减文字题的困难与其不能正确表征文字题的文本有关。