Self-of-the-Therapist Work: A Balance Between Removing Restraints and Identifying Resources

The authors propose that self-of-the-therapist work is most productive when therapists and supervisors approach family of origin issues and historical life events in a balanced way and suggest that they move to an approach that ideally liberates restraints posed by self-of-the-therapist issues, while at the same time accesses resources available to therapists because of the same issues. This is a shift from the primarily restraint focus that has dominated self-of-the-therapist work. This paper also provides personal experiences of the authors, guidelines on how to create safety and balance, as well as practical examples of self-of-the-therapist exercises.     

Boundary Violations and the Psychoanalytic Training System

A number of features of psychoanalytic training contribute to boundary violations and their sequelae. Intergenerational transmission of sexual misconduct is well-known and often operates unconsciously in the generation inheriting the legacy. Idealization and loyalty are frequent components of collusion and cover-up when a senior member of an institute is sexually involved with a patient. Other factors include the unique features of the termination of training analysis, the compartmentalization required in analytic work, and the ambivalent attitude towards autonomy and consultation.     

Using the Michigan State University Family Therapy Questionnaire for Training

The development of the Michigan State University Family Therapy Questionnaire (MSU/FTQ) is described and a case example given of its use as a training tool. The MSU/FTQ is a relatively exhaustive list of 74 generic, structural, strategic, brief, and trans-generational family therapy interventions culled from the literature and translated into layperson's language. The marital and family therapy client uses it to provide feedback about the effectiveness of therapy by assessing those things theorists consider important about behavior maintenance and systemic change, indicating whether or not specific interventions occurred and their importance.     

Live Supervision in Family Therapy and Social Facilitation Effects: A Case Study with Physiological Measures

In this case study a family therapy trainee is treating a family during a live supervision session while wearing a blood-pressure monitor. The data are used to illustrate the paradox inherent in live supervision from a social facilitation theory standpoint: While the peer group is considered essential to the process of supervision by some models, the presence of observers and coactors is hypothesized to give rise to negative social facilitation effects which may inhibit the acquisition of complex skills and prolong the training phase of the professionalization process.     

英国心理咨询的专业化发展及其问题

由于英国咨询与治疗协会及其前身英国咨询协会的不懈努力,英国心理咨询业的专业化发展取得长足进步。表现在：在培训方面,统一课程要求;注重受训者的业务发展;培训对象、时间及费用上有灵活性。在督导方面,实施终身督导;尊重各种流派;坚持授权式和发展式督导,保证督导人员独立行使职责。在资格鉴定或注册方面,严格控制条件和标准。在伦理和投诉方面,出台了内容丰富、独具特色的关于咨询和治疗的伦理规范框架。英国心理咨询所面临的主要问题在于：学校心理咨询的不景气;咨询专业化要求与咨询实际不相吻合;在经济上面临挑战;资格鉴定注册及投诉上存有争议。了解他山之石,对于促进我国心理咨询专业化的健康发展不无裨益。     

Professional and ethical dilemmas experienced by counselling supervisors: The impact of organisational context

This paper examines the ethical and professional dilemmas faced by counselling supervisors working in a range of diverse organisational contexts. Questionnaires and interviews were used to explore supervisor experiences of working in counselling agencies, industry, education and health service settings. Ethical and professional dilemmas outlined by supervisors were examined in connection with their role within the organisation. It was found that both external and ‘in‐house’ supervisors were exposed to dilemmas focused around issues of responsibility, confidentiality, boundaries, professionalism, relationships, contracts and ethical practice. Supervisors were divided in their opinions about playing a more active, educative role within organisational systems. There was considerable support for the construction of more explicit relationships between supervisors and their employing organisation.     

Preinternship Preparation of Clinical and Counseling Students in Psychological Testing, Psychotherapy, and Supervision: Their Readiness for Medical School and Nonmedical School Internships

Internship directors have been critical of students' preinternship preparation in test-based assessment and psychotherapy but have not, until recently, expressed their quantitative expectations for this training. Using data from the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers application form, this study investigated the quantitative statements of 96 counseling and 238 clinical students regarding their preinternship testing, psychotherapy, and supervision training, comparing findings to medical school and nonmedical school directors' quantitative expectations. Results generally demonstrated adequate psychotherapy training but suggested deficiencies in testing training, particularly as related to medical school directors' expectations. Counseling students received more training in individual therapy with adults but not in other forms of therapy. Clinical students produced more integrated test-based reports. Both groups received similar amounts of supervision.     

A Qualitative Investigation of Student and Supervisor Perceptions of Live Supervision in Genetic Counseling

Live supervision of genetic counseling students is critical for ensuring quality client care and student clinical skill development. However, no research has investigated students' and supervisors' experience of this primary supervision method. In this study, separate focus groups of students and supervisors discussed their perceptions of the nature and impact of live supervision. A modified Consensual Qualitative Research method (Hill et al. (1997) Couns Psychol 25:517–572) was used to analyze the data. Results suggest that live supervision is an essential and effective method that promotes student skill development and professional development for both students and supervisors. There is a lack of formal training regarding supervision; most learning is trial and error. Students worry about being evaluated, and supervisors wonder if they are providing supervision effectively. Both samples emphasized that client care should not be compromised. Participant recommendations for improving live supervision are described, and suggestions are made for future research.     

'Weaving thoughts' A method for presenting and commenting psychoanalytic case material in a peer group

The authors argue that there are good reasons for seriously considering the dynamics of the peer group when discussing psychoanalytical case material. The setting and procedure have to protect and facilitate for the presenter and the group members to work together. The aim of this paper is to discuss the problems connected with presenting and discussing clinical psychoanalytical material in a peer group and to describe one such specifi c method, which the authors call the 'weaving thoughts' method. The design is primarily inspired by Bion's formulation 'thoughts in search of a thinker'. The group participants refl ect on the presented clinical material in a way that the authors metaphorically describe as creating a weave of thoughts that emerges from the material. The aim of the method is to facilitate a work-group climate that allows thoughts to wander about, and to avert group members from debating and compromising the integrity of its members by letting basic assumptions come into power. The method is described from theoretical and practical points of view, with two illustrations of seminars according to this design and fi nally a discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of the method.     

Managing stress or enhancing wellbeing? Positive psychology's contributions to clinical supervision

One of the key functions of clinical supervision as practised by health professionals such as psychologists includes the restoration of wellbeing, but there are few guidelines in the supervision literature on how to go about this. Research into concepts from the field of positive psychology such as work engagement, sense of coherence, self‐efficacy, flow and resilience has begun to provide detailed understanding of workers' happiness, health and betterment. These findings provide possible directions for supervision interventions that go beyond traditional review of self‐care and stress‐management strategies and seek to extend the wellbeing of the supervisee. This article explores the application of positive psychology to enhance the wellbeing of practitioners such as psychologists, who often work in inherently difficult work environments such as the mental health field. Specifically, a narrative approach is proposed as one possible method and practical examples are offered to demonstrate how positive psychology may be applied in the practice of clinical supervision.