Hemispheric alpha asymmetries of stuttering males and nonstuttering males and females for words of high and low imagery

Alpha hemispheric asymmetries of nonstuttering males, nonstuttering females, and stuttering males were explored with electroencephalographic procedures during exposure to two lists of one-syllable words which the subjects were required to recall following presentation. One word list contained low-imagery words while the other contained high-imagery words. Stuttering males were found to have significantly less alpha in their right hemispheres, suggesting right hemispheric processing strategies. This finding was interpreted as supporting the “segmentation dysfunction” explanation of stuttering suggested by Moore and Haynes (1979b). Nonstuttering males showed less left than right alpha while nonstuttering females revealed no difference between their right and left hemispheres. Differences between nonstuttering males and females are discussed as being task and stimuli dependent relative to the segmental/nonsegmental nature of both task and stimuli. Differential hemispheric asymmetries for words of high or low-imagery were not observed.     

父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响:基本心理需要满足的中介与调节作用模型

本研究旨在考察父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响及其作用机制。采用生活满意度问卷、积极情感消极情感量表、父母自主支持量表、自尊量表以及基本心理需要量表对1912名初中生被试进行调查。结果表明：（1）父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、积极情绪、自尊和基本心理需要满足有显著正向预测作用;（2）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、自尊和积极情绪影响中的中介作用显著;（3）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持与积极情绪、生活满意度之间起着调节作用。本研究结果揭示了基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持和积极情绪适应之间的“双重作用”。     

Fear of self-annihilation and existential uncertainty as predictors of worldview defense: Comparing terror management and uncertainty theories

Terror management theory (TMT) proposes that thoughts of death trigger a concern about self-annihilation that motivates the defense of cultural worldviews. In contrast, uncertainty theorists propose that thoughts of death trigger feelings of uncertainty that motivate worldview defense. University students (N = 414) completed measures of the chronic fear of self-annihilation and existential uncertainty as well as the need for closure. They then evaluated either a meaning threat stimulus or a control stimulus. Consistent with TMT, participants with a high fear of self-annihilation and a high need for closure showed the greatest dislike of the meaning threat stimulus, even after controlling for their existential uncertainty. Contrary to the uncertainty perspective, fear of existential uncertainty showed no significant effects.     

Succès de carrière et bien-être psychologique au travail des conseiller-e-s de l’accompagnement professionnel : rôle médiateur de la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques

Within the framework of complex links between well-being and performance, this study aimed at examining the relations between objective and subjective career success and psychological well-being at work (PWBW) as well as the mediating effects of psychological needs satisfaction (PNS). French career counselors (n = 138) completed a questionnaire. Results showed that psychological needs satisfaction of autonomy, relatedness and competence had a mediating effect between objective career success (financial and hierarchical) and subjective career success (social and psychological), and the well-being. More exactly, three types of PNS had a mediating effect between the social and psychological career success and the PWBW while autonomy and relatedness PNS mediatized the relation between financial career success and PWBW. Only need satisfaction for relatedness mediatized the link between hierarchical success and PWBW. Occupational success would be a positive health at work resource. Facilitating forms of success and SBP becomes a promising track in health. The investigation can be widened to other jobs linked to counseling and to other different business sectors.     

Longitudinal directive effect of need satisfaction in self-defining memories on friend related identity processing styles and friend satisfaction

Research suggests that identity and memory are deeply interconnected, but little is known about the identity processes and the memory characteristics involved in this interaction. We employed a longitudinal design to examine relations between the satisfaction of autonomy, relatedness, and competence needs in self-defining memories and identity processing styles within the domain of friendship. We also assessed satisfaction with friends to evaluate the relation of identity processes and memory characteristics to well-being in friendships. Participants were 166 students who responded twice (at about a two-year interval) to the Identity processing style Inventory-3 and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We adapted these measures to tap into the domain of friendships, which is an important aspect of young adults’ identity. Participants also described a friend-related self-defining memory and rated the degree of need satisfaction they experienced in that event. A cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that memory need satisfaction predicted increases in informational identity processing style and friend satisfaction over time. Implications for the directive function of memory in identity are discussed.     

Factors affecting judgments of fluency: II. Word repetitions

Six speech samples containing varying amounts of whole-word repetitions were tape-recorded and presented to 36 male and 36 female listeners. For each sample, listeners were asked to make judgments of fluent, disfluent, and stuttered speech, and to answer the question, “Would you recommend speech therapy?” Results showed that samples containing 5% or more word repetitions were not judged fluent speech by a majority of listeners. Judgments of disfluent and stuttered speech were nearly equal for speech samples containing word repetitions from 5% to 15%. At 20%, however, the judgments of stuttered speech were found to be more likely than judgments of disfluent speech. A majority of listeners recommended clinical services for speech samples containing 5% or more word repetitions. Generally, the results indicated that (1) the presence of whole-word repetitions is not normal regardless of frequency, (2) fluent speech may not contain 5% or more word repetitions, and (3) with 20% word repetitions the judgments of stuttering may be more likely than judgments of disfluency.     

Teacher attitudes toward stuttering

Attitudes of 100 elementary school teachers toward stuttering were studied using the Teacher Attitudes Toward Stuttering (TATS) Inventory. Teacher attitudes, as indicated by TATS Inventory scores, were compared with teacher knowledge of stuttering, age of teacher, number of years teaching experience, educational level, and whether the teacher had personal experience with a stutterer. Results indicated that significant positive correlations existed between teacher attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering. Significant negative correlations were demonstrated between teacher attitudes/knowledge of stuttering and the presence of a stuttering child in the classroom. The applicability of the TATS Inventory as a clinical instrument in its current form and the research needed to enhance its flexibility are discussed.     

儿童自我意识发展机制初探

本文在对以往有关研究分析的基础上指出,自尊需要早在自我意识成熟之前就已存在,并且是儿童自我意识发展的内在动力,当儿童逐渐在多方面认识事件的自我意义,从而更为主动、合理地满足自尊需要时,自我意识便得以发展.儿童的自尊需要和自我认识水平相互作用,不仅形成了自我意识的纵向发展差异,而且形成了横向个体差异。