Career guidance of adolescents in their sociocultural development and modern technologies

RelevanceThe creation of a system of work with schoolchildren focused on choosing a profession taking into account possible success in a specific professional field is relevant.AimThe article is aimed at analysis of the situation of adolescents’ susceptibility to such guidance basing on different components.Materials and MethodsThe methodology of creating and implementing a special course is focused on the formation of basic elements of readiness for professional activities.ResultsThe authors of the study developed long-term projects that are considered to improve socio-economic development and increase the quality of work in various industries and at the personal level–socio-cultural development and socialization of adolescents.ConclusionThe career guidance for adolescents should include information about the means of communication. The development of the definition of technological means to provide information on the choice of profession is a significant part of the career guidance program.     

不确定感与从众：决断性与结构需求的中介作用

不确定感伴随从众的现象普遍存在,然而其内在加工过程及个体差异仍不明确。对804名大学生被试进行问卷调查,结果显示：（1）不确定感与从众正相关;（2）决断性与结构需求完全中介不确定感与从众的关系,且存在性别差异;二者关系上,女性更大程度上受决断性的中介,其次为结构需求;男性受决断性和结构需求的平行中介。结果支持不确定−认同理论和认知闭合两阶段模型观点,为不确定状态下不同性别人群从众行为的管理提供了理论依据。     

Materialism and Well‐being in the UK and Chile: Basic Need Satisfaction and Basic Need Frustration as Underlying Psychological Processes

A growing body of evidence shows that materialistic values are linked to lower well‐being. Self‐determination theory offers an explanation through the low fulfilment of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. However, recent research suggests that frustration of these psychological needs may also play an additional role. Using structural equation modelling in adult samples from an established mass‐consumer society (UK: N = 958) and a fast‐developing new economy (Chile: N = 257) and employing more comprehensive measures to tap into a materialistic orientation than used in previous studies, we found that a materialistic value orientation related negatively to well‐being and positively to ill‐being and that both psychological need satisfaction and psychological need frustration played an explanatory role herein. The model was found to be highly equivalent across both samples, supporting the cross‐cultural generality of the mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Depressive symptoms and use of perspective taking within a communicative context

Objective: The ability to take the perspective of one's conversational partner is essential for successful communication. We assessed whether individuals who report high levels of depressive symptoms have more difficulty with navigating this interpersonal task. Method: Undergraduate students participated in a computerised communication task that, on some trials, required perspective taking (N=125). Results: When participants were grouped according to their self-reported depressive symptoms, the “dysphoric group” (BDI ≥ 16, n=37) showed more errors than a “non-dysphoric group” (BDI ≤ 10, n=56) on trials requiring participants to use the perspective of the speaker, but not on control trials where perspective taking was not required. The dysphoric group demonstrated slower response times overall. Conclusions: Individuals with moderate to high levels of depressive symptoms are more challenged by using a speaker's perspective to interpret statements.     

Knowledge of Need

Some of the duties of individuals and organisations involve responsiveness to need. This requires knowledge of need, so the epistemology of need is relevant to practice. The prevailing contention among philosophers who have broached the topic is that one can know one’s own needs (as one can know some kinds of desires) by feeling them. The article argues against this view. The main positive claims made in the article are as follows. Knowledge of need, in both first‐person and second‐person cases, is a type of knowledge‐that with no basic epistemological source. Needs, like medical conditions, have signs and symptoms. Knowledge of these, with inference, results in knowledge of need. Finally, it is argued that need is akin to, but not a special case of, metaphysical necessity de re. Some implications of this for the epistemology of need are explained.     

The influence of breast cancer survivors' Perceived partner social support and need satisfaction on depressive symptoms: A longitudinal analysis

The present study examines the ways in which breast cancer survivors’ perceptions of emotional and instrumental social support from an intimate partner and need satisfaction in their partner role influence depression during and after breast cancer treatment. Our sample was comprised of 163 women who were an average of 57 years old, mostly White/Caucasian, and diagnosed primarily with early-stage breast cancer. Longitudinal data were analysed using both multilevel and structural equation modelling. Results reveal that (a) greater perceived partner emotional support is associated with lowered levels of depression at each wave, (b) partner-role need satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived partner emotional support and depression at each wave, (c) perceived partner emotional support predicts subsequent changes in depression by way of need satisfaction and (d) depression prospectively predicts lowered perceptions of partner emotional and instrumental support. The findings confirm that basic need satisfaction, within intimate relationships, is an important predictor of lowered depression among breast cancer survivors.     

Unhealthy weight control behaviours in adolescent girls: a process model based on self-determination theory

This study used self-determination theory (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.) to examine predictors of body image concerns and unhealthy weight control behaviours in a sample of 350 Greek adolescent girls. A process model was tested which proposed that perceptions of parental autonomy support and two life goals (health and image) would predict adolescents’ degree of satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. In turn, psychological need satisfaction was hypothesised to negatively predict body image concerns (i.e. drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction) and, indirectly, unhealthy weight control behaviours. The predictions of the model were largely supported indicating that parental autonomy support and adaptive life goals can indirectly impact upon the extent to which female adolescents engage in unhealthy weight control behaviours via facilitating the latter's psychological need satisfaction.     

新生儿重症监护室患儿家属焦虑和心理需求的调查研究

了解NICU家属的焦虑和心理需求,分析原因和对策。采用SAI和CCFNI量表来测定200名家属的焦虑及心理需求。结果家属SAI得分明显高于常模,且女性高于男性;家属的各项心理需求中最需求的是患儿的病情保证,而自身有关的需求相对不重要。结论认为NICU患儿家属有焦虑和心理需求,医护人员要有的放矢地满足这些需求,以减轻焦虑。     

认知资源投入对框架效应的影响的实验研究

框架效应是描述决策理论违背规范决策理论的经典"异像",它的产生被认为是"不理性"的表现。投入认知资源有望削弱框架效应。为验证这一假设,本研究以128名有管理经验的文科类专业企业员工为被试,通过两个创业风险决策情景的重复验证,研究得出了一致的结论,即认知需求、加工深度和与创业决策情境的内在相关影响框架效应。研究还发现,认知需求高的个体框架效应减弱,信息加工深度会加重这种效应。