Disclosure on Campus: Students’ Decisions to Tell Others About Unwanted Sexual Experiences,Intimate Partner Violence,and Stalking

The scope of student victimization occurring on college campuses is problematic, drawing the attention of researchers and campus officials. While most researchers of the disclosure of these unwanted experiences tend to examine just 1 form of victimization, a direct comparison of the disclosure of different types of campus victimization within a singular study is missing in the literature. The current study aimed to address this issue by examining 4 types of victimization experiences (unwanted sexual contact, unwanted sexual intercourse, intimate partner violence, and stalking) in a college population. A common set of possible predictors of disclosure were examined, including both demographic (e.g., gender, race, age) and situational factors (e.g., alcohol use, level of fear, relationship with perpetrator). While patterns of similarity across all victimization experiences emerged, the impact of gender, race, age, and alcohol use on disclosure decisions varied substantially by victimization type. The findings of this study address the gap in the current literature by providing a comparison and contrast of the influence of predictors across different types of victimization. Furthermore, the findings provide needed information that could help colleges and universities develop ways to encourage support-seeking and reporting among students.     

大学生自我同一性发展特点研究

目的:调查并探讨大学生自我同一性状态发展特点。方法:从湖南某大学随机抽取320名大学生,采用王树青等人修订的EOM-EIS-II量表作为测量青少年自我同一性的工具。结果:(1)大学生自我同一性的性别、独生和非独生、城乡的差异比较结果显示,不同性别、独生非独生大学生在自我同一性的一些维度上存在显著差异,而来自城市和来自农村的大学生之间不存在差异;(2)不同年级大学生的同一性状态得分的方差分析结果显示,不同年级大学生在总体获得、总体延缓、总体早闭、意识早闭、人际早闭、人际延缓和人际获得7个维度上差异显著。结论:大学生自我同一性的发展存在一定的不平衡性。     

少数民族大学生自我同一性的发展特点研究

本研究以少数民族大学生为研究对象,使用自我同一性状态客观测量的标准化问卷,对少数民族大学生的自我同一性发展规律进行分析,研究结果发现:(1)少数民族大学生自我同一性的发展是一个逐渐变化的过程,从一年级到三年级呈波浪式的发展趋势,二年级的自我同一性发展状况最好,并且在人际领域和意识领域的发展形态略不同。(2)相比男生,女生更容易形成同一性前闭状态,并且更容易在人际领域处于同一性混乱状态。文科学生较理科学生更多处于同一性前闭状态。(3)少数民族大学生在自我同一性获得和自我同一性混乱状态存在显著的年级差异。     

Assessment of eating disorder psychopathology in obese children and adolescents: interview versus self-report questionnaire

The present study compared two methods for assessing binge eating and related eating disorder psychopathology in obese children and adolescents. A comparison was made between the child version of the Eating Disorder Examination (ChEDE) and the self-report version of the interview (ChEDE-Q). A total of 139 children and adolescents (aged 10-16 years) seeking inpatient treatment for obesity completed the ChEDE questionnaire and were administered the ChEDE interview afterwards. The ChEDE and ChEDE-Q were significantly correlated for the four subscales: restraint, eating concern, weight concern and shape concern. The ChEDE-Q generated consistently higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology. There was a significant discrepancy for the assessment of a more complex feature such as binge eating. Overall, the current study found lower levels of agreement between the EDE and EDE-Q than previously reported in adult samples. It appears that children and adolescents have difficulties in identifying binge-eating episodes when they receive no detailed instruction. It is concluded that a clinical interview is necessary to identify eating disorders in obese children and that a self-report questionnaire can only be used as a screening tool. Even then, thorough clarification of the definition of the eating disorder features is needed when using a self-report questionnaire.     

Comparison of Scoring Criteria for Clock Drawing Test

This study compared clock drawings by 42 medically hospitalized patients with a mean age of 51.9 (SD = 10.1) years, using four sets of published scoring criteria to determine comparability of classification and to assess validity by comparison to other measures of cognitive functioning. We found impairment in 20 of 42 cases using the criteria of Mendez et al. (1992); 11 of 42 cases by Sunderland et al. (1989); 9 of 42 cases with Freedman et al. (1994); and 8 of 42 cases according to Rouleau et al. (1992). Kappa coefficients of impairment status between sets of scoring criteria ranged from .41 to .86. Pearson correlations of raw scores between schemes ranged from .72 to .94. All except Sunderland et al. were significantly correlated with the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. All correlated significantly with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised Block Design; however, only Mendez et al. correlated significantly with the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination. On the basis of these results and our experience, we recommend using the Freedman scoring scheme.     

Participative work as an influence on human development

A number of business and industries in the United States and Europe have been experimenting with ways to involve more employees in organizational decision-making and problem-solving activities. Although the goal of such experiments in participative work is usually to improve productivity and enhance morale, there is evidence that working in such firms enhances adult development. This article reviews this evidence, focusing on how the experience of working in a participative milieu affects the individual in ways that are manifested off the job—in the family and community. Suggestions are made for future research that would involve developmental psychologists in helping work organizations experiment with planned social change.     

The role of need level and/or need salience as moderators of the relationship between need satisfaction and work alienation-involvement

Contrary to previous findings documenting the importance of higher-order need satisfaction, a recent study by G. J. Gorn and R. N. Kanungo (Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1980, 26, 265–277) has indicated that satisfaction of lower-order needs may lead to job involvement if such needs are salient. Data from a heterogeneous sample of 632 employees from six organizations were used to test six hypotheses concerning the effects of need level (higher vs lower order) and need salience as moderators of the relationship between need satisfaction and alienation-involvement. Three different ways of operationalizing need saliency were used, including a replication of Gorn and Kanungo's procedure. Higherorder need satisfaction was correlated with alienation-involvement scores to a significantly greater degree than was lower-order need satisfaction, even for those for whom lower-order needs were most salient. Need saliency was not found to moderate the need satisfaction-involvement relationship when need level was controlled. Issues regarding the operationalization of “need salience” were discussed and a new measure of alienation-involvement (the A-I Scale) was introduced. Implications for further empirical investigations of the need saliency issue were noted, as was the universal application of job enrichment programs aimed at promoting higher-order need satisfaction.     

Time perspective in vocational maturity and career decision making

This study investigated the hypothesis that time perspective is a component in vocational maturity and career decision making. Ninety-seven college freshmen responded to two measures of time perspective and seven measures selected to represent attitudinal vocational maturity, cognitive vocational maturity, and career decision making. The nine variables were intercorrelated and the resulting matrix was subjected to alpha factor analysis. Three factors were extracted and titled Attitudinal Vocational Maturity, Cognitive Vocational Maturity, and Career Decision Making. As predicted, time perspective was a component in the Attitudinal Vocational Maturity and Career Decision-Making factors. The results supported the hypothesis and specifically linked time perspective to planfulness and degree of indecision.     

Speeded recognition of ungrammaticality: Double violations

A model of sentence comprehension postulating that Subject-Verb-Object relations are specified prior to Noun-Adjective relations received support from a study of the speed at which sentences with various kinds of violations could be rejected. Compatible with the sequential model was the finding that Noun-Verb and Adjective-Noun double violations did not result in shorter RTs than Noun-Verb single violations — even though sentences with double violations were judged to be less acceptable.