Coping with bullying at school: children's recommended strategies and attitudes to school‐based interventions in England and Japan

School bullying in England and ijime in Japan have long but separate research traditions. We focus on a cross‐national comparison of secondary school pupils' opinions about coping strategies, bystander intervention, and attitudes towards school‐based interventions. One‐to‐one structured interviews were conducted with 61 Japanese and 60 English pupils aged 12–15 years, in six secondary schools. Coping strategy recommended was found to vary by type of bullying. Seeking help was the most recommended, with significant national differences notably for social exclusion. Victims were thought not to seek help for several reasons, again varying by nationality. There was consensus that bystanders should help victims, but more pupils in England had positive views on school‐based interventions than pupils in Japan. Gender differences were small. Findings are discussed in the light of differing peer group structures and actions taken against bullying/ijime in the two countries. Aggr. Behav. 32:570–580, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

工作记忆广度对儿童算术认知策略的影响

选取113名小学二年级儿童为被试,探讨了工作记忆广度对儿童算术认知策略的影响。结果表明:不同工作记忆广度儿童在出声、手动、心里数数、竖式、分解、凑整、猜测和放弃策略的选择频次上具有显著差异,在算术认知策略的执行上,差异明显;随着工作记忆广度的增加,出声策略表现出了波动型的变化曲线,手动、心里数数、凑整和猜测策略具有门槛型的变化趋势,竖式、分解和放弃策略呈现出阶梯状的变化特点。这些结果说明,儿童算术认知策略表现受到其工作记忆容量明显的限制性作用。     

On preferences and doing the right thing: Satisfaction with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is limited

We examine outcome satisfaction in situations in which people receive better outcomes than comparable other persons. Building on classical and modern social psychological theories, we argue that when reacting to these arrangements of advantageous inequity, judging the advantage is quick and easy as preferences are primary. We further propose that adjusting this appraisal requires cognitive resources as it entails integrating fairness concerns with the initial preference appraisal. Extending the literature on cognitive busyness, we therefore predict that people should be more satisfied with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is strongly—as opposed to weakly—limited. Findings across several different experimental paradigms support our predictions. Taken together, our findings shed light on the psychological processes underlying the intriguing interplay between egoism- and fairness-based considerations when evaluating outcomes, as well as on more general preference and adjustment processes.     

Differences in the cognitive accessibility of action and inaction regrets

This paper investigates the temporal pattern of experienced regret and provides insight into the underlying factors leading to differential cognitive accessibility of actions and inactions over time. Across three studies, we find increased cognitive accessibility of inactions in the long term with no difference in the accessibility of actions and inactions in the short term. We find support for the depth of impact, breadth of impact, and frequency of thought as explanations for this differential accessibility.     

医学生综合素质评价的科学性思考

对医学生综合素质的评价应建立发展性评价观,要充分体现六个统一:评价指标体系做到职业需要和社会发展相统一;评价功能做到全面性和发展性相统一;评价标准要做到综合化和个性化相统一;评价过程要做到结果与过程相统一;评价方法做到量化评价与质性评价相统一;评价主体要做到外部评价和内部评价相统一.使素质教育评价科学化,能真正促进医学生素质的全面发展,培养出合格的适合社会需要的医学人才.     

幼儿加减法运算中的策略发展特点

本研究随机选取北京市三所普通幼儿园小、中、大班儿童共90名,采用实物操作的非言语任务,考察3-5岁幼儿在加减法运算中的策略发展特点。结果表明:随着年龄的增长,儿童使用的策略由模仿、交换向内化、相反数策略转化;3、4岁幼儿在相反数题中,更多使用模仿和交换策略,而5岁幼儿更多使用模仿、相反数策略;在标准型题中,儿童一般较多使用模仿和内化策略;最大表征对儿童策略选择存在影响。     

儿童计算的元认知监测及其对策略选择的影响

为了考察儿童在计算中的元认知监测及其对策略选择的影响,选用两种实验材料,对五种元认知监测判断的特点及监测判断对策略选择的影响进行考察,发现:儿童的元认知监测判断等级值总体上具有较高的一致性,元认知监测判断大多与策略选择高度相关,具有较好的预测力,但受材料、指导语等因素影响,又呈现出复杂的关系。本研究从一个侧面证实了元认知监控的基本假说和元认知监测判断的状态说。     

初中生数学焦虑的调查及其调控研究

数学焦虑既是心理科学研究的对象,又与教育、教学,特别是学科教学密切相关。本文调查发现:部分初中生存在过度的数学焦虑,并且在年级、性别等维度上具有明显差异;教师的评价方式、课堂气氛、数学考试是形成数学焦虑的主要原因。运用三条教学策略的实验研究表明,数学焦虑是可以调控的,而且数学焦虑的缓解对学生数学成绩的提高有一定的促进作用。     

算术应用题表征策略的眼动研究

采用EyelinkⅡ眼动记录仪,以21名大学生为被试,探讨了大学生解决三步比较应用题的表征策略。实验设计为2(正确率:高、低)×2(题型:一致、不一致)×2(无关信息:插入、未插入)的三因素混合实验。结果表明:(1)大学生被试解三步式比较应用题存在直译策略和问题模型策略;(2)解题正确率高者解难度较大的应用题时倾向于对应用题情境进行加工,即采用问题模型策略,正确率低者未表现出这一倾向,往往采用直译策略。     

The relationship between acceptance,fatigue, and subjective cognitive impairment in hematologic cancer survivors

Background/Objective: Cancer and its treatment can have a detrimental impact on psychological well-being. Acceptance as the basis of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has shown beneficial effects on depression and anxiety. However, its relationship to fatigue and cognitive impairment has not been investigated. A protective effect of acceptance may open up a new target for psychological intervention.Method: A cross-sectional postal survey was undertaken. 922 hematological cancer survivors (≥ 2.5 years post diagnosis) were recruited through two regional cancer registries in Germany. Acceptance (AAQ-II), fatigue (BFI) and subjective cognitive impairment (AFI) were assessed.Results: Higher levels of acceptance were negatively associated with fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment (R²= .34 and R²= .26, respectively). The relationship between fatigue and fatigue-related impairment of daily life was weaker for survivors with high acceptance.Conclusions: Acceptance is strongly associated with fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment. ACT may be useful to reduce symptoms of fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment in cancer survivors.