全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4538篇 |
免费 | 386篇 |
国内免费 | 545篇 |
专业分类
5469篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 108篇 |
2022年 | 136篇 |
2021年 | 223篇 |
2020年 | 233篇 |
2019年 | 228篇 |
2018年 | 218篇 |
2017年 | 253篇 |
2016年 | 262篇 |
2015年 | 196篇 |
2014年 | 274篇 |
2013年 | 707篇 |
2012年 | 156篇 |
2011年 | 254篇 |
2010年 | 189篇 |
2009年 | 269篇 |
2008年 | 274篇 |
2007年 | 242篇 |
2006年 | 195篇 |
2005年 | 162篇 |
2004年 | 144篇 |
2003年 | 132篇 |
2002年 | 105篇 |
2001年 | 65篇 |
2000年 | 62篇 |
1999年 | 44篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 29篇 |
1995年 | 27篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有5469条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
小学儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本研究探讨了小学儿童对习俗时间周期性特点的认知发展.实验任务是让被试判断两个给定日期之间的时间距离是正向接近还是反向接近。结果表明:儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知成绩随年龄增长而不断提高;随着两个日期之间距离的增大,反应时不断增加,正确率不断降低,在两个日期相互接近的方向发生改变的边界处,反应时最长,正确率最低,表现出显著的“距离效应”和“边界效应”;儿童可以利用数字系统进行判断,他们的认知加工策略包括计数、数字运算和凭借习俗时间的空间表象进行模拟加工等等。 相似文献
32.
Jeffrey Blustein 《Metaphilosophy》1997,28(1-2):135-155
This paper is a response to particularist critics of the normative force of moral principles. The particularist critique, as I understand it, is a rejection not only of principle-based accounts of moral deliberation and justification, but also of accounts of character in which principles play a central role. I focus on the latter challenge and counter it with a view I call character-principlism .
I begin by discussing in a general way what motivates the particularity objection to principles and then contrast two views – both of which insist on the importance of attentiveness to particularity – about the relative normative status of principles and particular cases. I present some reasons for believing that we need a more normatively robust conception of the role of moral principles than the particularists provide. In the main portion of the paper, I discuss how character-principlism sees principles functioning in our lives and the lives we lead with others. I contrast this with some other accounts of desirable character that particularists can embrace, and argue that these are seriously flawed because, unlike character-principlism, they cannot satisfactorily explain how a person could possess the constancy of character that moral integrity requires. 相似文献
I begin by discussing in a general way what motivates the particularity objection to principles and then contrast two views – both of which insist on the importance of attentiveness to particularity – about the relative normative status of principles and particular cases. I present some reasons for believing that we need a more normatively robust conception of the role of moral principles than the particularists provide. In the main portion of the paper, I discuss how character-principlism sees principles functioning in our lives and the lives we lead with others. I contrast this with some other accounts of desirable character that particularists can embrace, and argue that these are seriously flawed because, unlike character-principlism, they cannot satisfactorily explain how a person could possess the constancy of character that moral integrity requires. 相似文献
33.
Gerard J. P. Van Breukelen 《Psychometrika》1997,62(4):525-544
This paper discusses two forms of separability of item and person parameters in the context of response time (RT) models. The first is separate sufficiency: the existence of sufficient statistics for the item (person) parameters that do not depend on the person (item) parameters. The second is ranking independence: the likelihood of the item (person) ranking with respect to RTs does not depend on the person (item) parameters. For each form a theorem stating sufficient conditions, is proved. The two forms of separability are shown to include several (special cases of) models from psychometric and biometric literature. Ranking independence imposes no restrictions on the general distribution form, but on its parametrization. An estimation procedure based upon ranks and pseudolikelihood theory is discussed, as well as the relation of ranking independence to the concept of double monotonicity.I am indebted to Wim van der Linden for bringing Thissen's (1983) paper to my notice, and to Martijn Berger, Frans Tan, and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
34.
Math J. J. M. Candel 《Psychometrika》1997,62(1):119-131
Arrangements of feature sets that have been proposed to represent qualitative and quantitative variation among objects are shown to generate identical sets of set-symmetric distances. The set-symmetric distances for these feature arrangements can be represented by path lengths in an additive linear tree. Imperfect versions of these feature arrangements are proposed, which also are indistinguishable by the set-symmetric distance model. The distances for the imperfect versions can be represented by path lengths in an additive imperfectly linear tree. When dissimilarities are defined by the more general contrast model and a constant may be added to proximity data, then for both the perfect and imperfect arrangements an additive tree analysis obtains a perfect fit with an imperfectly linear tree. However, in the case of the contrast model also the distinction between the perfect and imperfect arrangements disappears in that also for the perfect arrangements the resulting tree need no longer be linear.The author is grateful to Mathieu Koppen for detailed comments on an earlier version of this article. 相似文献
35.
6 15岁儿童对友谊特性的认知发展 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
研究目的:(1)考察我国儿童、青少年的友谊特性的认知发展规律和特点;(2)探讨儿童友谊特性的认知结构。研究采用结构访谈法,被试为来自北京市普通幼儿园、小学和中学的6岁、8岁、10岁、12岁和15岁儿童共100名(每个年龄组20名,男女各半)。结果发现:(1)6—15岁儿童对友谊特性的认知结构由5个维度组成,即:个人交流和冲突解决,榜样和竞争,互相欣赏,共同活动和互相帮助,亲密交往。(2)对6—15岁儿童,友谊特性中的5个维度的重要性次序为:共同活动和互相帮助,个人交流和冲突解决,榜样和竞争,互相欣赏,亲密交往。(3)从发展上来看,对友谊特性不同维度的认知发展趋势有很大年龄差异。6—8岁儿童只能认识到友谊特性中一些外在的、行为的特征;以后才能逐渐认识到那些内在的、情感性的特征。但是,原来那些外在的特征并没有随着儿童年龄的增长而被取代,而是与内在的、情感性的特性结合在一起,在认识中逐渐深化。(4)小学六年级儿童在共同活动和游戏上表现出性别差异(男生高于女生);而在冲突解决上,女生的认知水平高于男生。此外,初中三年级学生在互相欣赏方面,男生的认识水平高于女生 相似文献
36.
运用规则空间模型识别解题中的认知错误 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
运用规则空间模型识别学生解题中的认知错误,该模型将认知心理学,项目反应理论和数据库的代数理论相结合,将被试的二值反应模式映射为笛卡尔乘积空间的一组序偶,然后计算被试和错误规则在该空间的代表性位置之间的马氏距离,并通过贝叶斯决策准则划分被试的错误类型,根据644名中学生对30个数学题目的反应,识别出其中86%的学生可以被划分人18种认知错误类型中。 相似文献
37.
Erling B. Andersen 《Psychometrika》1995,60(3):375-393
Residuals for check of model fit in the polytomous Rasch model are examined. Comparisons are made between using counts for all response pattern and using item totals for score groups for the construction of the residuals. Comparisons are also, for the residuals based on score group totals, made between using as basis the item totals, or using the estimated item parameters. The developed methods are illustrated by two examples, one from a psychiatric rating scale, one from a Danish Welfare Study. 相似文献
38.
Gerhard H. Fischer 《Psychometrika》1995,60(4):459-487
The paper addresses three neglected questions from IRT. In section 1, the properties of the “measurement” of ability or trait parameters and item difficulty parameters in the Rasch model are discussed. It is shown that the solution to this problem is rather complex and depends both on general assumptions about properties of the item response functions and on assumptions about the available item universe. Section 2 deals with the measurement of individual change or “modifiability” based on a Rasch test. A conditional likelihood approach is presented that yields (a) an ML estimator of modifiability for given item parameters, (b) allows one to test hypotheses about change by means of a Clopper-Pearson confidence interval for the modifiability parameter, or (c) to estimate modifiability jointly with the item parameters. Uniqueness results for all three methods are also presented. In section 3, the Mantel-Haenszel method for detecting DIF is discussed under a novel perspective: What is the most general framework within which the Mantel-Haenszel method correctly detects DIF of a studied item? The answer is that this is a 2PL model where, however, all discrimination parameters are known and the studied item has the same discrimination in both populations. Since these requirements would hardly be satisfied in practical applications, the case of constant discrimination parameters, that is, the Rasch model, is the only realistic framework. A simple Pearsonx 2 test for DIF of one studied item is proposed as an alternative to the Mantel-Haenszel test; moreover, this test is generalized to the case of two items simultaneously studied for DIF. 相似文献
39.
The partial credit model is considered under the assumption of a certain linear decomposition of the item × category parameters
ih into basic parameters
j. This model is referred to as the linear partial credit model. A conditional maximum likelihood algorithm for estimation of the
j is presented, based on (a) recurrences for the combinatorial functions involved, and (b) using a quasi-Newton approach, the so-called Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method; (a) guarantees numerically stable results, (b) avoids the direct computation of the Hesse matrix, yet produces a sequence of certain positive definite matricesB
k
,k=1, 2, ..., converging to the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the
. The practicality of these numerical methods is demonstrated both by means of simulations and of an empirical application to the measurement of treatment effects in patients with psychosomatic disorders.The authors thank one anonymous reviewer for his constructive comments. Moreover, they thankfully acknowledge financial support by the Österreichische Nationalbank (Austrian National Bank) under Grant No. 3720. 相似文献
40.
激励理论及其综合模型的新发展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
激励是组织行为学的一个重要研究领域。本文概述了传统的激励理论、满意感理论在近年的研究新成果和新动向,并对激励理论的三大综合模型(聚合模型、新范式模型和混合模型)作了分析。最后提出了未来激励研究的四个方向。 相似文献