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421.
We investigated the effects of increased inter-hemispheric interaction (IHI) on five creativity dimensions (appropriateness, detail, categorical distinctiveness, fluency, and originality) of the Alternate Uses Task. Two methods were used to indicate degree of IHI. Trait IHI was indicated by individual differences in handedness, mixed-handers showing greater IHI than strong-handers. State IHI was directly manipulated by central (control group) and bilateral viewing conditions of a 30 s eye movement task (EM). Results indicate significantly higher creativity for mixed-handers, as compared to strong-handers, for all five sub-scores separately and linearly combined. Bilateral EM increased originality and categorical distinctiveness (i.e., flexibility) of strong-handers, but had no effect on mixed-handers. Strong-handers in the bilateral EM group were not different from mixed-handers. Additionally, the bilateral EM effect on strong-handers had different durations for originality (up to 7–9 min) and categorical distinctiveness (up to 3 min). The results suggest that greater IHI can facilitate creativity of strong-handers, but that the characteristically higher IHI of mixed-handers was unaffected by the bilateral EM manipulation. 相似文献
422.
In this work we are reporting a case study on the use of SDM as the associative memory for a software agent, CMattie, whose architecture is modeled on human cognition. Sparse distributed memory (SDM) is a content-addressable memory technique that relies on close memory items tending to be clustered together. In this work, we used an enhanced version of SDM augmented with the use of genetic algorithms as an associative memory in our ‘conscious’ software agent, CMattie, who is responsible for emailing seminar announcements in an academic department. Interacting with seminar organizers via email in natural language, CMattie can replace the secretary who normally handles such announcements. SDM is a key ingredient in a complex agent architecture that implements global workspace theory, a psychological theory of consciousness and cognition. In this architecture, SDM, as the primary memory for the agent, provides associations with incoming percepts. These include disambiguation of the percept by removing noise, correcting misspellings, and adding missing pieces of information. It also retrieves behaviors and emotions associated with the percept. These associations are based on previous similar percepts, and their consequences, that have been recorded earlier. SDM also possesses several key psychological features. Some enhancements to SDM including multiple writes of important items, use of error detection and correction, and the use of hashing to map the original information into fixed size keys were used. Test results indicate that SDM can be used successfully as an associative memory in such complex agent architectures. The results show that SDM is capable of recovering a percept based on a part of that percept, and finding defaults for empty perception registers. The evaluation of suggested actions and emotional states is satisfactory. We think that this work opens the door to more scientific and empirical uses for SDM. 相似文献
423.
Ulrich Kühnen 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2002,38(5):492-499
Two studies support our hypothesis that connected and interdependent self-focus evokes a generally context-dependent cognitive mode (focused on object-context relations) and provide some evidence that separate and independent self-focus evokes a generally context-independent cognitive mode (focused on objects, independent of contexts). Consistent with our predictions, experimental manipulation of interdependent self-focus influences cognitive speed/accuracy (Experiment 1) and memory (Experiment 2). When primed self-focus is congruent with the perceptual task at hand, perceptual speed increases (as shown by a significant task by prime interaction effect) and when primed, interdependent self-focus improves memory for incidentally encoded contextual information. Further research to link primed and chronic self-focus effects is called for. 相似文献
424.
In the present study we asked whether lemurs could learn to manipulate information in order to deceive a human competitive
trainer. Four brown lemurs were trained to communicate about the location of a hidden reward to a cooperative trainer, who
rewarded the subject if he indicated the baited bowl. Next, a competitive trainer was introduced who kept the reward for himself
if the subject indicated the baited bowl. In a first experiment, sessions were randomly assigned to be with either the cooperative
or competitive trainer. No subject was able to show an efficient tactic with both trainers. In a second experiment, the participation
of the two trainers was randomized across the trials for each session. When trials were mixed, one subject significantly chose
baited location when interacting with the cooperative trainer, and reliably increased his choices of the unbaited location
when presented with the competitive trainer. As with most other primate species tested under the same paradigm, associative
learning may explain deceptive pointing by lemurs in this study. 相似文献
425.
Casper Bruun Jensen 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(3):375-385
The paper takes as its starting point Donna Haraway’s suggestion, “The actors are cyborg, nature is coyote, and the geography
is elsewhere”. It discusses first the understanding of the cyborg promoted by Haraway as illustrating an ontological non-humanist
disposition, rather than a periodizing claim. The second part of the paper examines some instances of low-tech cyborg identities,
which have emerged in developing countries (elsewhere) as a consequence of development initiatives. The paper argues that
the quite literal attempts to develop cyborgs in such countries gives rise to developments not foreseen or controllable by
the development industries. If cyborg identities are developing and minds and bodies shaped in the frictions between culture,
technology, economy, and development projects and activities then what are the implications for cognitive studies. In the
final part of the paper this question is considered and it is suggested that cognitive studies would do well to expand their
analytical foci to take into account cyborg bodies and minds found “elsewhere”.
相似文献
Casper Bruun JensenEmail: |
426.
Arno Engelmann 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):87-91
Engelmann believes in two general strong beliefs. On one side, Engelmann believes in probabilistic skepticism. That the existence
has its maximum probability or there is no existence at all is not possible. The other probabilities of existence are always
possible. On the other hand, instead of elements that constitute a beginning arrived at by an unknown division, the Gestalt
theory begins with wholes or Gestalten. These Gestalten can be divided in parts but each part can be only a part of his specific
Gestalt. The majority of probabilistic skeptics and the majority of Gestalt theory followers do not believe they can be together
accepted. On the contrary Engelmann is a member of a small group that both beliefs occur simultaneously. Bibace’s questions
were each answered by Engelmann. In some questions Engelmann harmonize with Bibace, in others they disagree.
相似文献
Arno EngelmannEmail: |
427.
The emergence of the Cognitive Sciences, in the middle of the 20th Century, was initially based on an abstract model of the mind: the computer metaphor. The human mind was understood in analogy to the digital computer, as a rule-based, symbol processor. As a consequence, the human being was envisioned as logically-rationally guided, radically disembodied and isolated from culture. Over the last few decades, several disciplines, such as Biology, Mathematics, Philosophy, Psychology and Neuroscience, have begun to address the study of intentionality, intersubjectivity and natural cognition. Searching for a better understanding of these complex issues, a number of approaches have been developed with the promise of capturing the specific qualities of human cognition, radically omitted from a computationalist view of mind. Nevertheless, since these research programs are rather recent, concrete methodological designs and empirical approaches in the form of experimentally testable hypotheses are still scarce. This special issue brings together several perspectives in order to propose alternative research approaches in the topics of Intentionality, Intersubjectivity and Ecology of Mind. We believe it is necessary to discuss and advance towards explicit empirical frames in the form of actual experiments, specific predictions and formal models. The essays presented here constitute an attempt to move in this direction, with the specific aim of reconsidering the study of some forgotten properties of brain and mind. 相似文献
428.
429.
This study uses a combined categorical-dimensional approach to depict a hierarchical framework for consciousness similar to, and contiguous with, factorial models of cognition (cf., intelligence). On the basis of the longstanding definition of time consciousness, the analysis employs a dimension of temporal extension, in the same manner that psychology has temporally organised memory (i.e., short-term, long-term, and long-lasting memories). By defining temporal extension in terms of the structure of time perception at short timescales (<100 s), memory and time consciousness are proposed to fit along the same logarithmic dimension. This suggests that different forms of time consciousness (e.g., experience, wakefulness, and self-consciousness) are embedded within, or supported by, the ascending timescales of different modes of memory (i.e., short-term, long-term, etc.). A secondary dimension is also proposed to integrate higher-order forms of consciousness/emotion and memory/cognition. The resulting two-dimensional structure accords with existing theories of cognitive and emotional intelligence. 相似文献
430.
Problem-solving, creativity and spatial reasoning are high level abilities of cognitive systems with high potential for synergies. However, they have been treated separately by different fields. This special issue presents research work on these topics, aiming to observe their interrelations in order to create theoretical approaches, methodologies and computational tools to advance work on creativity and spatial problem-solving in cognitive systems. 相似文献