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151.
152.
该研究使用RJR研究范式,探讨内隐的可接近信息对FOK判断等级和判断准确性的影响。结果发现:FOK判断等级受内隐的可接近信息量的影响,二者呈非单调递增、递减的关系;FOK判断等级随内隐的可接近信息强度的增强而增高;FOK判断准确性随内隐的可接近信息量的增多而降低,并随内隐的可接近信息强度的增强而增高。 相似文献
153.
Alexander von Eye Eun Young Mun Patrick Mair 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):228-247
Mediation is a process that links a predictor and a criterion via a mediator variable. Mediation can be full or partial. This well-established definition operates at the level of variables even if they are categorical. In this article, two new approaches to the analysis of mediation are proposed. Both of these approaches focus on the analysis of categorical variables. The first involves mediation analysis at the level of configurations instead of variables. Thus, mediation can be incorporated into the arsenal of methods of analysis for person-oriented research. Second, it is proposed that Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA) can be used for both exploration and confirmation of mediation relationships among categorical variables. The implications of using CFA are first that mediation hypotheses can be tested at the level of individual configurations instead of variables. Second, this approach leaves the door open for different types of mediation processes to exist within the same set. Using a data example, it is illustrated that aggregate-level analysis can overlook mediation processes that operate at the level of individual configurations. 相似文献
154.
本研究采用眼动追踪技术,通过对预期性和词频、预期性和笔画数在词汇识别过程中是否存在交互作用进行考察,以探讨预期性效应对词汇识别产生影响的加工阶段。结果显示,预期性和词频、预期性和笔画数之间均不存在交互作用。由此表明,预期性、词频和笔画数均独立地对中文文本阅读中的词汇识别产生显著的影响,该结果符合E-Z读者模型的研究假设。 相似文献
155.
Delayed signal detection, differential reinforcement, and short-term memory in the pigeon. 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0
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In two discrete-trial delayed-detection experiments, six pigeons were trained on dependent concurrent variable-interval schedules. Pecking a red side key was reinforced when the brighter of two white lights (S1) had been presented on the center key, and pecking a green side key was reinforced when the duller of two white lights (S2) had been presented on the center key. Incorrect responses were red side-key pecks following S2 presentations and green side-key pecks following S1 presentations; these resulted in three-second blackouts. In Experiment 1, the time between presentation of S1 or S2 on the center key and the onset of the red and green side keys was varied nonsystematically from 0.06 seconds to 19.69 seconds across experimental conditions. Stimulus discriminability decreased as the stimulus-choice delay increased. A rectangular-hyperbolic function better described this decrease in discriminability over time than did a negative-exponential function. In Experiment 2, at each of three stimulus-choice delays (0.06, 3.85, and 10.36 seconds), relative reinforcer frequency for correct responses to the red and green side keys was varied by changing the values of the dependent concurrent variable-interval schedules. The sensitivity of choice to relative reinforcer frequency was independent of the decrease in stimulus discriminability with increasing stimulus-choice delay. 相似文献
156.
Frequency versus magnitude of reinforcement: New data with a different procedure 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
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Todorov JC Hanna ES Bittencourt De Sá MC 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1984,41(2):157-167
Two pigeons, with previous exposure to concurrent schedules, were submitted to 29 sessions of 8 hours each with concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules in which reinforcement parameters changed from session to session. In the first nine sessions reinforcement durations were equal in both schedules while reinforcement frequencies varied; in Sessions 10 through 18, both frequency and duration of reinforcement were varied; in Sessions 19 through 29, only reinforcement duration was varied. Results with this different procedure confirm previous findings that behavior is more sensitive to changes in reinforcement frequency than to reinforcement magnitude. 相似文献
157.
Discriminability of frequency of food or stimulus presentations in variable-time schedules
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C Mandell 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1984,42(2):291-303
Pigeons responded in a two-alternative forced-choice task in which reinforcement was dependent upon the frequency of events that occurred in an immediately preceding schedule sample. On a given trial the events were either brief food presentations or brief visual and auditory stimulus changes. High levels of stimulus control were obtained by food-presentation schedules only. Discriminative control by frequency or stimulus change was absent. Stimulus control by food frequency was decreased by the imposition of a delay period between the schedule sample and the choice. Moreover, stimulus control by food frequency was related to the ratio of food-presentation schedule pairs when novel schedules were presented in a transfer test. 相似文献
158.
Three female human subjects pressed a button for monetary reinforcement in a range of variable-interval schedules specifying different frequencies of reinforcement. On alternate days, responding was also punished (by subtracting money) according to a variable-ratio 34 schedule. In the absence of punishment, rate of responding was an increasing negatively accelerated function of reinforcement frequency; the relationship between response rate and reinforcement frequency conformed to Herrnstein's equation. The effect of the punishment schedule was to suppress responding at all frequencies of reinforcement. This was reflected in a change in the values of both constants in Herrnstein's equation: the value of the theoretical maximum response-rate parameter was reduced, while the parameter describing the reinforcement frequency corresponding to the half-maximal response rate was increased. 相似文献
159.
R. Duncan Luce 《Psychometrika》1977,42(4):461-489
Four issues are discussed concerning Thurstone's discriminal processes: the distributions governing the representation, the
nature of the response decision rules, the relation of the mean representation to physical characteristics of the stimulus,
and factors affecting the variance of the representation. A neural schema underlying the representation is proposed which
involves samples in time of pulse trains on individual neural fibers, estimators of parameters of the several pulse trains,
samples of neural fibers, and an aggregation of the estimates over the sample. The resulting aggregated estimate is the Thurstonian
representation. Two estimators of pulse rate, which is monotonic with signal intensity, are timing and counting ratios and
two methods of aggregation are averaging and maximizing. These lead to very different predictions in a speed-accuracy experiment;
data indicate that both estimators are available and the aggregation is by averaging. Magnitude estimation data are then used
both to illustrate an unusual response rule and to study the psychophysical law. In addition, the pattern of variability and
correlation of magnitude estimates on successive trials is interpreted in terms of the sample size over which the aggregation
takes place. Neural sample size is equated with selective attention, and is an important factor affecting the variability
of the representation. It accounts for the magical number seven phenomenon in absolute identification and predicts the impact
of nonuniform distributions of intensities on the absolute identification of two frequencies.
1977 Psychometric Society Presidential Address.
This work was supported in part by a grant of the National Science Foundation to Harvard University. I wish to express my
appreciation to S. Burbeck, D. M. Green, M. Shaw, and B. Wandell for their useful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 相似文献
160.
Relative durations of conditioned stimulus and intertrial interval in conditioned suppression.
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D A Coleman Jr N S Hemmes B L Brown 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1986,46(1):51-66
The effects of the relative durations of the conditional stimulus and the intertrial interval on bar pressing during a conditioned-suppression procedure were examined as a function of two additional variables--type of operant baseline schedule and rate of shock presentation. In Experiment 1, response suppression was compared across components of a multiple fixed-ratio, random-ratio, fixed-interval, random-interval schedule, at relative conditioned-stimulus/intertrial-interval durations of 1/1, 1/4, and 1/9. In Experiment 2, relative conditioned-stimulus/intertrial-interval duration (1/5, 3/3, or 5/1) was manipulated across groups, while shock frequency (2, 6, or 10 shocks/hr) was manipulated within groups. In both experiments, suppression during the signal was virtually complete at all relative durations. Responding was also suppressed during the intertrial interval, but that suppression varied as a function of experimental manipulations. In Experiment 1, intertrial-interval response rates were higher when relative signal duration was 1/9 than when it was 1/1, although both relative signal duration and shock frequency, which covaried, could have contributed to the difference. In Experiment 2, the patterning of response rates between successive shocks was affected by relative duration, absolute rates during the intertrial interval varied as a function of shock frequency, and differences between suppression during the signal and suppression during the intertrial interval were affected by both relative duration and shock frequency. The data support an analysis based upon relationships between shock-correlated and intertrial-interval stimuli and, as assessed by the relative-delay-to-reinforcement metric, are comparable to results that have been reported from experiments using similar manipulations under the autoshaping paradigm. 相似文献