中医典籍中文化负载词的识别及翻译策略刍议

中医深植于中国传统文化中,英译过程存在大量文化对应空缺现象,因而中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译成为中医典籍外译的关键步骤和难点。提出了中医文化负载词的识别步骤和选词标准,进而提出中医典籍文化负载词的翻译策略。在中医文化负载词的识别步骤基础上,对中医典籍文化负载词的翻译策略进行了总结:中医药基本名词术语的文化负载词采用直译法;中国物质文化独有词语的负载词采用音译或音译加注;古汉语独有的文化负载词采用省译或意译。目的是通过中医典籍文化负载词的界定和提出的翻译策略推动中医典籍对外传播。     

The use of coping strategies by Danish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bullying

The coping strategies employed in response to different types of bullying, by 305 Danish children (142 boys, 163 girls) in school years four to nine (aged 10-15 years), were investigated. Children were classed into four bully-victim status types. A revised version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used for the classification of children, and a Self-Report Coping Measure for the investigation of coping strategies. The coping strategy of Externalizing was used significantly more by children classed as bully/victims compared with victims and not involved children: Seeking Social Support and Internalizing were preferred significantly more by girls, whereas Externalizing was preferred significantly more by boys; Distancing, Seeking Social Support, and Internalizing were favored significantly more by children in years four to six compared with children in years seven to nine. Looking at coping strategies in response to different types of bullying, Seeking Social Support was used significantly more in response to attack on property relative to verbal bullying, social exclusion, and indirect bullying, and Distancing was used significantly less in response to attack on property compared with any of the other types of bullying. The results are discussed in relation to implications for educational practice.     

The Relationship between Power Perception and Couple's Conflict Management Strategy

Interpersonal conflict is integral to intimate spousal relationships, and while potentially destructive, it can also enhance sharing of feelings and thoughts and the sense of being loved. Its positive or negative effects partly rely on how partners deal with it. This study was conducted in Israel with 160 participants. All participants were Jewish and involved in long-term heterosexual intimate relationships (married/in a serious relationship). The study examines a model that suggests that perceived socioemotional and materialistic power of a couple predicts their conflict management strategies. In addition, we tested whether this relationship is mediated by perceived quality of spousal relationship. The perceived socioemotional power was found to predict only cooperative conflict management stratagies and only for women. It was also found that this correlation is mediated by the perceived quality of the relationship. This study enhances our understanding of the way individuals grapple with spousal conflicts and reveals the positive power that can be nurtured and embodied within the spousal relationship. In addition, this study reveals that the effect of power perception differs between men and women. Clinical and research implications for couple and family therapists are discussed, and suggestions for effective clinical practice in addressing marital power are given.     

Multiple layers of information processing in deductive reasoning: combining dual strategy and dual-source approaches to reasoning

The idea that inferential performance cannot be analyzed within a single model has been suggested within two theoretical contexts. The dual strategy model suggests that people reason using different approaches to processing statistical information. The dual-source model suggests that people reason probabilistically using both statistical information and some intuition about logical form. Each model suggests that people have different approaches to processing information while making inferences. The following studies examined whether these different forms of information processing were equally present during reasoning. Participants were given a series of problems designed to distinguish counterexample from statistical reasoners. They were then given a series of MP or AC inferences for which identical statistical information was provided. Results show that MP inferences were considered to be deductively valid more often than equivalent AC inferences. The effect of logical form was independent of reasoning strategy, and of relatively equivalent size for both counterexample and statistical reasoners. The second study examined explicitly probabilistic inferences, and showed smaller effects of logical form and of reasoning strategy, although with a complex set of interactions. These results show that understanding the way that people use information when making inferences requires a multidimensional approach.     

从不规范联合用药转变为单药治疗过程分析抗癫痫药物的选择策略

单药治疗或合理的联合用药是癫痫治疗的重要原则,本文运用抗癫痫药物的药代动力学知识,分析了1例复杂不规范的联合用药导致治疗失败的原因,系统讲解了将其转变为有效的传统或新型抗癫痫药物单药治疗的理论和实践过程,并以此展示抗癫痫药物的选择策略。     

儿童缺血性脑病的诊治策略

结合国内外文献资料,从儿童缺血性脑病的病因、临床表现、影像学特点、治疗方式及疗效等方面着手,进行分析和比较,加深医患对儿童缺血性脑病的了解,同时为该类疾病的临床诊断与治疗思路提供借鉴。     

克服肿瘤干细胞耐药性的策略和思路

肿瘤干细胞（cancersterncells,CSCs）是肿瘤细胞的祖细胞。已有的研究表明,肿瘤干细胞对多种化疗药物具有耐药性,是导致肿瘤治疗后复发的根源。研究针对肿瘤干细胞的治疗方法,克服肿瘤干细胞耐药性,将给肿瘤治疗模式带来全新的改变,有望彻底改善肿瘤患者的预后。     

内隐学习策略的存在及其外显转化

该研究采用＂乘法算式答案正误判断的实验室任务＂,以＂奇偶检查策略＂为具体策略研究对象,探查内隐奇偶检查策略的存在及其自动性特征。实验结果表明：（1）奇偶检查策略可以以内隐方式存在,但经过不断练习可最终上升到意识层面;（2）奇偶检查策略的外显和内隐使用表现出各自独立的优势效应。外显学习策略的优势效应主要表现在正确算式判断任务中,而内隐学习策略则在错误算式判断任务中表现出＂内隐优势效应＂的趋势;（3）内隐奇偶检查策略的人为外显化并不能促使个体增加使用该策略的频率,也不能有效提高策略的执行效率。     

Weighting of contingency information in causal judgement: Evidence of hypothesis dependence and use of a positive-test strategy

Contingency is an important cue to causation. Research shows that people unequally weight the cells of a 2 × 2 contingency table as follows: cause-present/effect-present (A) > cause-present/effect-absent (B) > cause-absent/effect-present (C) > cause-absent/effect-absent (D). Although some models of causal judgement can accommodate that fact, most of them assume that the weighting of information is invariant as a function of whether one is assessing a hypothesized generative versus preventive relationship. An experiment was conducted that tested the hypothesis-independence assumption against the predictions of a novel weighted-positive-test-strategy account, which predicts hypothesis dependence in cell weighting. Supporting that account, judgements of hypothesized generative causes showed the standard A > B > C > D inequality, but judgements of hypothesized preventive causes showed the predicted B > A > D > C inequality. The findings reveal that cell weighting in causal judgement is both unequal and hypothesis dependent.     

Overshadowing by fixed- and variable-duration stimuli

Two experiments investigated the effect of the temporal distribution form of a stimulus on its ability to produce an overshadowing effect. The overshadowing stimuli were either of the same duration on every trial, or of a variable duration drawn from an exponential distribution with the same mean duration as that of the fixed stimulus. Both experiments provided evidence that a variable-duration stimulus was less effective than a fixed-duration cue at overshadowing conditioning to a target conditioned stimulus (CS); moreover, this effect was independent of whether the overshadowed CS was fixed or variable. The findings presented here are consistent with the idea that the strength of the association between CS and unconditioned stimulus (US) is, in part, determined by the temporal distribution form of the CS. These results are discussed in terms of time-accumulation and trial-based theories of conditioning and timing.