汉字识别中部件结合率的作用:ERP研究

以汉字为实验材料,实验操纵两种部件结合率:携带位置信息的部件结合率(position-specific radical combinability,SRC)和不携带位置信息的部件结合率(position-general radical combinability,GRC)。实验中要求被试进行方位判断的同时记录被试脑电的变化。其中,实验1以假字作为填充刺激,结果发现SRC的变化引发P200效应,而GRC的变化引发了大脑半球右侧化偏向的N400效应。实验2以简单几何图形作为填充刺激,结果发现SRC所引发的P200效应消失了,但GRC所引发的大脑半球右侧化偏向的N400效应保持稳定。结果说明部件结合率可以在汉字加工中产生作用,但是携带位置信息的部件结合率在汉字加工中容易受到假字所引发的注意偏向的影响;而不携带位置信息的部件结合率在汉字加工中的作用相对稳定。     

The counselor perspective on the use of directives in counseling in China: Are directives different in China as in the United States?

Eight Chinese counselors were interviewed about their use of directives in counseling. They typically believed that directives can be beneficial in counseling Chinese clients. They used directives to extend the influence of counseling beyond sessions, meet client needs and expectations, and fit their own personality and orientation. In terms of conditions that need to be met for directives to be helpful, they identified client factors such as readiness, communication styles, past experience, and insight; the counselor factor of ability to communicate directives; and the therapeutic relationship. They emphasized the importance of clients acquiring a new perspective as a result of directives. Cultural factors in using directives are discussed.     

Religious education programme of the Catholic Church in Hong Kong: Challenges and responses since 1997

The Catholic Church, the largest school-sponsoring body in Hong Kong, is a major provider of religious schools and educational programmes. In 2006, the Catholic Diocese released its first centralised and comprehensive curricular document concerning religious and moral education (RME) in Catholic schools. Taking this programme as a reflection of the Church’s response to the challenges of a changing social milieu, severed church–state relations and shortcomings in Catholic education in post-1997 Hong Kong, this article reviews the framework and principles of the new curriculum. While retaining strong religious elements in its curriculum, the Catholic Church has widened and re-oriented its programme, and re-designed the contents and pedagogical methods. The new programme is characterised by adjustment and differentiation, upholding Christian faith, and selective absorption of Chinese culture. This article also discusses problems in the implementation of the new programme, including organisational compartmentalisation and an underdeveloped political dimension in the content.     

Career decision-making profiles and career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural comparison among US,Israeli, and Chinese samples

Assessing individuals' career decision-making difficulties and career decision-making profile (style) allows counselors to help them make better career decisions. The present study focused on the associations between the Career Decision-Making Profiles (CDMP) questionnaire and the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) in four large samples: American adults (N = 601), Israeli young adults (N = 623), American students (N = 915), and Chinese students (N = 929). The pattern of associations between the 12 CDMP dimensions and the 10 CDDQ scales was generally replicated across the four samples, and indicated that certain CDMP dimensions were associated with career decision-making difficulties. Additionally, in all four samples, the higher an individual's career decision-making adaptability, as derived from the CDMP, the fewer difficulties he or she encountered prior to and during the career decision-making process. However, a few unique patterns of associations between the CDMP and the CDDQ emerged in some samples.     

Prediction of true test scores from observed item scores and ancillary data

In many educational tests which involve constructed responses, a traditional test score is obtained by adding together item scores obtained through holistic scoring by trained human raters. For example, this practice was used until 2008 in the case of GRE^®General Analytical Writing and until 2009 in the case of TOEFL^® iBT Writing. With use of natural language processing, it is possible to obtain additional information concerning item responses from computer programs such as e‐rater^®. In addition, available information relevant to examinee performance may include scores on related tests. We suggest application of standard results from classical test theory to the available data to obtain best linear predictors of true traditional test scores. In performing such analysis, we require estimation of variances and covariances of measurement errors, a task which can be quite difficult in the case of tests with limited numbers of items and with multiple measurements per item. As a consequence, a new estimation method is suggested based on samples of examinees who have taken an assessment more than once. Such samples are typically not random samples of the general population of examinees, so that we apply statistical adjustment methods to obtain the needed estimated variances and covariances of measurement errors. To examine practical implications of the suggested methods of analysis, applications are made to GRE General Analytical Writing and TOEFL iBT Writing. Results obtained indicate that substantial improvements are possible both in terms of reliability of scoring and in terms of assessment reliability.     

分析思维对冲动购买意向影响的研究

采用三个研究探讨分析思维对冲动购买意向的影响。研究1以146名大学生为被试,采用分析思维任务和冲动购买意向问卷,考察分析思维与冲动购买意向的关系;研究2招募了65名大学生被试,研究3招募了62名大学生被试,分别通过视觉启动和组词任务启动两个范式探讨启动分析思维对冲动购买意向的影响。结果发现,分析思维与冲动购买意向显著负相关,无论是视觉还是组词启动分析思维都能减少冲动购买意向。     

症状对临床决策重要性的哲学解析

症状是疾病所引起患者主观上的异常感觉或某些客观病态改变,是医师对患者进行疾病调查的起点,以症状为导向的诊疗模式更符合临床实践;充分了解患者症状,可以便捷、高效扩展医生的横向思维,而大型仪器的使用也是以症状学为基础,用来验证医生临床决策;医生最早接触的是患者的症状,因此,症状能更早提示鉴别危重患者,减少过度医疗;症状学是通向患者真实世界的途径之一,不仅能判断患者整体情况和病情转归,还是医学人文融入临床的落脚点。

     

中医“天人合一”蕴含的生态平衡机制研究

中医学吸收中华文化的核心观念—“天人合一”思想,获得从“关系”角度思考“天”与“人”的生态平衡机制的思想资源。研究中医“天人合一”生态平衡机制,需要分析天人之间的关联性、互动性和整体性关系,理解“天人”不是相互独立的元素,而是可以相互作用的,维持这种天人关系必须建立一种动态平衡机制,以达到“天人合一”整体和谐状态。深入剖析中医“天人合一”的生态学本质,从生态学角度挖掘中医“天人合一”中蕴含的生态平衡机制,以提高全社会的生态平衡意识和自我健康认知,更好地保护生态以提升人类健康生存能力。

     

隐性知识视角下中医师承教育的困境与突破

隐性知识是难以用符号、编码和言语准确表达,但可被人类意识并感知的事实、信息与技能,它是中医区别于西医最显著的特征。中医隐性知识的意向性、分布性与实践性,决定了以观摩意会、具身实践、刻意练习为主的师承教育是获取中医精髓、积累诊疗经验最理想的形式。然而,在现代科学教育的冲击下,中医师承教育面临课程失衡、师资不足、平台阻隔、文化衰微、制度不全等困境,亟须增加实践课程分量、扩大师承导师征聘范围、重建多学派交流平台、增强中医文化自信、加大政策倾斜力度,从而落实中医隐性知识传承,深化人才培养质量。

     

从李泽厚的体用观看中医药学的现代化

实现中医药学的中国式现代化是传统深厚的中医学融入现代社会的必由之路。近年来的中医现代化研究虽取得了相当的成果,但却似乎仍然在中医体系的门前徘徊,难于深入其内在实质。对问题原因的探寻往往需要突破旧观念的哲学反思。中医现代化是中国现代化的一部分,借助李泽厚对中国现代化历程中体用的思考,有助于理解中医现代化进程中所遇到的问题。在明确现代中医的发展应以现代化为体,而关键在于体如何更好地结合中医实际应用后,许多疑问也随之涣然冰释。借由中医的现代化之路,整个人类医学体系的演进也增益了新的可能。