苏俄心理学对中国心理学的影响与启示

苏俄心理学是现代心理科学的一个重要的组成部分。近一个世纪来,苏俄心理学不仅对我国心理学的发展产生了重要影响,而且也从理论与实践双重层面给我们以有益的启示。     

汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应

采用句子—图画验证任务探讨了汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明 ,汉语无关联词因果复句的项目表达顺序为“结果→原因”时 ,所形成的命题表征中项目发生互换 ,其结果为“原因→结果”。本研究结果初步表明 ,在没有关联词的语法提示条件下 ,读者在理解汉语无关联词的因果复句的过程中能够根据其语义内容按照“原因→结果”固定方向进行系列的认知加工     

5～16岁儿童对中国人形象的评价与喜好研究

采用个别访谈和问卷法,调查531名5—16岁中国儿童心目中的“中国人”形象以及儿童对中国人身份的喜欢程度和发展趋势。结果表明：(1)总体而言,被调查的5—16岁中国儿童对中国人持积极评价,对自己是一名中国人有积极的情感体验。(2)不同年龄的儿童对中国人形象的积极评价先上升后下降,随后有所回升,其中9—10岁儿童的评价最为积极。(3)儿童对中国人身份的喜欢程度随年龄的增长而下降。(4)对5—10岁的年幼儿童来说,对中国人的评价与喜欢成为中国人的关系不大,11—16岁的年长儿童则能更加紧密地联系两者。     

汉语加工脑神经机制研究的新进展

随着脑科学研究手段的改进．人们对汉语加工的脑神经机制有了更多、更深入的了解。大量研究表明,汉语加工有不同于拼音语言加工的脑机制,在加工汉语时．激活的脑区和在加工拼音语言时激活的脑区不同．母语为汉语的人和母语为拼音语言的人在脑的形态结构上也存在显著差异。对汉语加工脑机制的研究有利于对音素和音节加工的皮层表征的分离,有助于揭示语言加工脑机制的普遍性和特殊性。     

汉字输入法对汉字字词加工的影响研究

用形似判断和同音判断作业就输入法对汉字字词加工的影响作了考察。结果表明,汉字输入法及输入速度对小学生语文学习存在明显的影响．但这种影响作用仪表现在汉字认知加工的较低层面。具体本研究而言,纵横输入法和拼音输入法对汉字认知加工的“形”和“音”均存在影响,但前者侧重于“形”．而后者侧重于“音”。笔者认为其直接原因是学生为提高汉字输入速度所付出的额外练习(相比于输入速度低的学生)所导致的．输入法充当了一种作用载体。     

关键字母法对中国学习不良儿童英语词汇记忆的作用

关键字母法是将西方世界著名的关键词方法的原理同汉字特点相结合的产物。以39名普通初一学生为控制组,以21名学习不良的小学五年级学生为实验组,以64个罕见的英文单词作为记忆测验材料,考察了关键字母法对于中国儿童英语词汇记忆的作用。该研究最重要的结果是,在关键字母法干预实验前,作为实验组的小学五年级被试的英语词汇记忆成绩显著地低于作为控制组的初一学生的记忆成绩,然而,在关键字母法干预实验后,前后两者的英语词汇记忆成绩不存在显著的差异。     

'The double identity' of Taiwanese Chinese: A dilemma of politics and culture rooted in history

The 'double identity' of Taiwanese as both Chinese and Taiwanese identity was measured among both general and student samples using categorical and continuous measures. As predicted, Mingnan (native province) Taiwanese were higher in Taiwanese identity whereas outside-province Taiwanese were higher in Chinese identity. Both groups shared similar representations of the history of Taiwan, but evaluations of leaders followed patterns of in-group favoritism. These representations of history were used to predict and find zero correlations between Chinese and Taiwanese identity. Taiwanese and Chinese identities were mutually compatible in cultural domains, and mediated the effect of demographic group. However, in issues concerning politicized allocation decisions (and language), Taiwanese and Chinese identity worked in opposite directions, and demographic group (and a critical evaluation of an historical leader) were significant even after controlling for identity. Implications for social identity theory, realistic group conflict theory, and the cross-straits relationship are discussed.     

General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture

Previous research showed that in the individualistic culture, adults endorse the personal more than the general belief in a just world (PBJW vs. GBJW). Comparatively little is known about the prevalence character and adaptive functions of GBJW, especially in the collectivistic culture. We conducted three surveys among the Chinese adults and adolescents. We found that (1) Chinese adults and adolescents endorsed more GBJW than PBJW; (2) Adult survivors with high exposure to post‐earthquake trauma and adolescents in the poverty‐stricken area maintained high GBJW, with relatively lower PBJW. (3) GBJW predicted the psychological resilience in all the three samples independent of PBJW. The results imply that in contrast to populations from the individualistic culture, people from the collectivistic culture endorse a robust GBJW, which allows them to resiliently confront harsh realities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phonological abstraction in processing lexical-tone variation: evidence from a learning paradigm

There is a growing consensus that the mental lexicon contains both abstract and word-specific acoustic information. To investigate their relative importance for word recognition, we tested to what extent perceptual learning is word specific or generalizable to other words. In an exposure phase, participants were divided into two groups; each group was semantically biased to interpret an ambiguous Mandarin tone contour as either tone1 or tone2. In a subsequent test phase, the perception of ambiguous contours was dependent on the exposure phase: Participants who heard ambiguous contours as tone1 during exposure were more likely to perceive ambiguous contours as tone1 than participants who heard ambiguous contours as tone2 during exposure. This learning effect was only slightly larger for previously encountered than for not previously encountered words. The results speak for an architecture with prelexical analysis of phonological categories to achieve both lexical access and episodic storage of exemplars.     

中药及其提取物防治血管内皮细胞损伤的研究概况

血管内皮细胞衬覆于血管内膜表面,不仅是血液与血管壁之间的屏障,更是重要的内分泌和效应器官,内皮细胞损伤和功能障碍是动脉粥样硬化发生的启动步骤。近年来的研究表明,中药及其提取物对血管内皮细胞具有保护作用,因此对防治动脉粥样硬化相关疾病有重要的意义。